Divorced, Beheaded, Survived Essay Example for Free

Divorced, Beheaded, Survived EssayDeath is a peculiar thing. E rattlingone defends to it in different ways. And no one seems to fully understand what to do, what to say and how to react when death occurs in the family or in the family in ones circle of friends. It seems that man cant currently understand why it pass bys. At least not when it is someone one cares about. But it happens, and there is nothing else to do about it, than survive and move on with ones invigoration. This is the type treated in Robin Blacks short drool Divorced, Beheaded, Survived (2010).The shortstory is the story of a woman who loses her big brother, terry cloth, to sickness at a very young age. It is also a story about how her brother and she used to play with the other children who red-hotd close by, and how they stopped playing after Terry died. The main character also describes how she tries to protect her children from this rattling(a) phenomenon that death is, but how she is unable to do s o as her sons friend dies in the end. The main character who acts as a ultimo tense narrator, does not tell much about herself.To be clear she does not describe many of the characters at all. The fact that there are very few adjectives and adverbs shows the reader that one must use ones imagination, the characters are not important for they could be anyone in such a neighborhood. The reader relates to the story in a different way than they normally would, because they have to use their own experiences to fill out the missing pieces of the personalities of the characters. The person the narrator tells about the most, is Terry or Terrance as he is actually called.The narrator describes how he plays Anne Boleyn with much character and liveliness. knave 2, line 6-9 () was undoubtedly the most convincing. Once, he stole a restrict from our mothers closet a red-and-white Diane von Furstenberg wraparound so he could use the beltlike originate to hold the couch-pillow baby, the future Queen Elizabeth, in place. Oh, Hal, he cooed. He is a happy boy and has no worries, until he gets sick. This turns his life upside down and it changes him, which one could imagine is only natural for a child when it gets sick.Page 4, line 103-104 He stopped being the boy who would throw himself into anything that seemed like fun. The narrator loves seeing her brother play Anne Boleyn, she thinks he is very convincing in the role. Page 2, line 12 It was worth giving up the role yourself just to watch Terry give it his all. The fact that it is Terry that is often elect to play Anne Boleyn, even though they all want to play her, could be a symbol of fate choosing him to get sick and die. It might as nearly have been one of the other kids, as well as it could have been one of the other kids who could have played the role.This is shown in the part of the story where Anne Boleyn dies, and Terry has to play the dying woman. Page 4, line 99-101 And Terry would hold his face in both hand s, his shoulders heaving in enormous, racking, make-believe sobs. But in real life, it was all silent hours. Vacant stares. The game of playing Anne Boleyn could also be a symbol of the children losing something. Anne Boleyn loses her head and life, Terry loses his life and the narrator loses her brother, her friends and a part of her childhood.At this point it is only the first part of the rhyme that is used. Page 3, line 43 Divorced, beheaded, died. But as the children move on with their lives, learn to live with the loss of a friend and a brother, and some of them meet again even though they do not talk, the rest of the rhyme appears in their life. And this period it holds a whole new meaning. Page 6, line 174 Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived. The structure of the text is a bit messy but it still manages to give the reader a good and continuous view of the narrators life.The fact that the first 1,5 pages focuses on her childhood with the games and her br other, gives the reader a strong sense that it is a chapter of her life that ended when her brother died. But as she continuously mentions her brother, one also understands that her brother is still with her, even though he belongs to an ended chapter. And as she moves on with her life, and survives, she keeps him with her in a more secure way and without getting scared of forgetting about him.Page 5, line 153-156 the truth is sometimes even more than a day goes by before I remember to think of my brother () Maybe its a gift to be able to let go of remembering. Some times. Some things. The narrator tells us about her family and how her son loses his friend in the end of the text, this is a way to tell the reader that it can happen to anyone, and that it is possible to move on. It is possible to survive the death of someone dear. But never to forget it, a person lost will always be remembered one way or another, intentionally or not.

The Construction of Women in Sports within the Mass Media Essay Example for Free

The Construction of Women in Sports within the Mass Media Essay new studies involving the role of the mass media and gender, particularly within the realm of womens sports has brought light upon one of the most disturbing issues in society today the under-representation and misrepresentation of women in mass media. It can be concluded that female athletes, framed by the media as objects of sexuality, or sports cuties, be consistently emphasized for their sexuality instead of their athleticism.not only does this diminish their achievements in the sports arena, but it also systematically reinforces the idea that sports are a males-only realm. The mass media, using magazine covers, celebrity programs and news articles, centralize more on female athletes as symbolic models for female sexuality than as athletes. Constantly, female athletes are portrayed in coy scenarios involving accentuated legs and breasts, or with pouting lips and scarcely clad outfits.This paper leave highlig ht some examples of research into symbolic representation of female athletes as passive, emotionally demonstrative and vulnerable objects of the sports world, whereby athletic virtuousness is given second seat to skin and sex. Furthermore, this paper will base itself on the greater theoretical standpoint of hegemony, citing such theorists as Louis Althusser and Antonio Gramsci.The outline will also base itself on the work of Laura Mulvey, who presents the idea of the Male Gaze, whereby women are shown as sexual objects for the visual purpose of mens enjoyment. Through this analysis of women in sports and the medias response to female athletes, it is postulated that women have been systematically moved from active participants as subjects, to a more passive role as objects. This fact reinforces a particular hegemonic, patriarchal government agency structure, and furthermore, reinforces the power roles of those who are responsible for such representations.To lay the foundation for the analysis, it is helpful to first consider the theoretical basis of Althusser and Gramsci. The surmise of ideology and hegemony is particularly relevant for the later exposition on the portrayal of women within the cultural eye of the media. Althusser states that false truths are used to maintain power. The mathematical group with the power (in this case one could take such an example as Time Warner, the owner or Sports Illustrated for Women) defines the rules of the game.This federal agency that the group in power creates media frames and representations of verity that further construct a worldview that is conducive for the maintenance of the present day structure. Power is given to subordinate classes (the viewers of mass media) by the control power (Time Warner), in a way that makes it appear that they are given concessions (We give the audience what they are asking for. ) And yet, as Gramsci outlines, these concessions are still a means of maintaining power.The genius be hind such a set up lies in the fact that the ideology is created in such a way that the both the ruling class and all other classes believe that such hierarchy of power is inherent or natural. In the case of sports, the watching public believe that women are naturally meant to be depicted as sexual objects, focusing on married life and vacation preferences, instead of the active subject such as a male athlete, where a more clearly demarcated sports focus is enacted. Herein lies a clear real-world metaphor for the theoretical models of Althusser and Gramsci.

Major Differencies Between Eastern Essay Example for Free

Major Differencies Between eastsideern Essaywestern sandwich doctrine has its roots in Athens, Rome and JudeoChristianity while Eastern philosophy is derived from Confucianism, Taoism and Mahayana Buddhism. As Greek and Latin are to Western civilisation, so classical Chinese is to East Asian civilisation. I will focus on four major differences between Eastern and Western philosophies. 1. Western Individualism and Eastern Collectivism In the Greco? Ro creation impost, the image of Prometheus powerfully illustrates the struggle for individual freedom.Prometheus had gone against Zeus, the all powerful god who ruled the sky from Mt. Olympus. Prometheus annoyed Zeus by creating benignant beings. To protect the human beings from Zeus, he stole fire from Hephaestos, the blackmith god and gave it to the human beings. This angered Zeus to the extent that Prometheus was chained to a rock and an eagle snap out his spankingr. In European consciousness, Prometheus had become the hero wh o defied the patriarchy in the name of individual freedom, who brought light into our darkness.He was the saviour who sacrificed himself for the sake of mankind, the benefactor who brought the founder of technology down from heaven, the teacher who taught us that we are not at the whims of the gods any more, who showed us how to use our intelligence to take control of the origination. The Christian tradition has as well as reinforced the notion of individual rights. The Bible speaks of God creating Man in His own image and letting him have dominion over the lean of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle and over all the earth, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth (Genesis 126).By comparison, the Chinese live in a world of obligations obligations to serve the ruler, obligations to work for the family, obligations to obey elders, obligations to help relatives, obligations to do well to glorify the name of ancestors, obligations to defend the co untry in time of trouble, and obligations to oneself to cultivate ones own virtue. It would also seem that rights only belong to one individual ? the Son of Heaven. Confucianism promotes conservatism and this stifles creativity and robs the people of self? introspection. 2. Fragmentary and holisticAccording to Fritjof Capra, the emphasis of able thought is epitomised in Descartes celebrated statement,Cognito, ergo sum ? I think, therefore, I exist. This has forcefully encouraged Westerners to equate their identity with their rational mind rather than with the whole organism. This division between the mind and the body has led to a view of the populace as a mechanical arrangement consisting of separate objects, which in turn were reduced to fundamental building blocks whose properties and forgetactions were thought to completely determine all natural phenomena.This mechanistic conception of the whole world is still the basis of most of our sciences and continues to have a treme ndous influence on our lives. Academic disciplines become fragmented and this has served as a rationale for treating the universe as if it consisted of separate parts to be exploited by different groups. The essence of the Eastern world view is the awareness of the unity and the mutual inter? relation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestation of a basic oneness.All things are seen as independent and native parts of a cosmic whole, as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality. The Eastern traditions refer to this ultimate, indivisible reality as Brahman in Hinduism, Dharmakaya in Buddhism and Tao in Taoism. 3. Conflict and Harmony The Marxist view of history saw change as arising from a dialectic interplay of opposites ? hence class struggle and conflict. Western civilisation based itself on the struggle between the Good and Evil, God and Satan or Psyche and Cupid. Eastern philosophical thought is based on this notion of the Yin and the Yang.Frithjof Capra describes the Yang as the strong,male creative power associated with Heaven while yin is the dark,receptive, female and maternal element. The dark yin and the bright yang are arranged in a symmetrical manner. They are dynamic ? a rotating symmetry suggesting very forcefully a continuous cyclic movement. The two dots in the diagram symbolise the sentiment that each one of the forces reaches its extreme, it contains in itself the seed of the opposite. Life says Chuang Tzuis the blended harmony of the yin and the yang. Taoism permeates the economic and social lives of the Chinese through geomancy, qigong, Chinese medicine and idol worship. As Chan observesAlmost every hotel, office and commercial building that has gone up within the last decade adheres to certain principles of geomancy or Fengshui ? the art and science of harmonising man and nature. 4. Idealism and Pragmatism. The Western idea of democracy does not fit into the Eastern scheme of things easily. In an interview by the Daily Telegraph on 16 October 1989 the former Prime Minister remarked thatI think in a mainly Chinese electorate, the idea of a loyal opposition and an alternative regime does not come easily. Youre either for or against the government. The Confucianistic idea of social hierarchy where a persons existence is relational, extending from his family, society and country. The pragmatism of the East is exemplied in the way Confucianism has been utilize to emphasize order through social hierarchy and the rules and conventions. Taoism provided the meaning of conduct and thus compliment Confucianism. Confucius preached the doctrine of the here and now.The emphasis is one of life and life and not life and death. The sage hoped to hear the right way in the morning, and die in the evening without regret. What lays the foundation of life for the Chinese is the family and the continuation of the family also means the passing on of experience, culture and thought . The Taoists has an equal view of life and death seeing life and death as the coming out and passing game back of a human form of existence. Chuang Tsu talks of coming and going . Lao Tzu said,out to life, in to death. The crux of the matter is to make the best of the present.

Lean Management Solve Bank Dhofar Proplems Information Technology Essay

Lean Management Solve jargon building Dhofar Proplems Information technical schoolnology EssayNumber of avers and financial institution in the word and spicily in Oman implement such worry standard of lean to achieve best c commensurate process going through transition need more of banks secured. That chroma comes from, speed of operation activities, fall the cost, good product and increase node knowledge. A leading bank in Oman called Bank Dhofar involve in legion(predicate) IT activities and steps to amend guest satisfaction. Report leave behind go through the finding and gives recommendations.Key words atmosphere Automatic Teller MachineSDM offend Deposit MachineHSP High Payment SystemsWISAL- One of phone Center table dish out- customer inquiresISO International Organization for StandardizationIT Information TechnologyEMV Europay / MasterCard/ Visa1.0 existenceBank Dhofar is moving forward to twirl m any(prenominal) run effectively. Excellent service may not achieve or reach un slight bank successfully implements such activities to provide the quality in best way of Bank service offered. To satisfying Bank customer through providing high service it forget alter the bring out come in productivity side and leave increaseOperation value. It is hard to achieve this hold openy of services because it request elementary background in the organization. On the same hand Bank Dhofar need to offer libertine, bestand high quality services more to their customers. It needs to be reliable when such services lunch because it needs to succeed the organization.ISO 9001 has defined the service as leaning activities (Noor Aida Idris. 2008). Bank Dhofar is offering many kind of service to his customer and prefers the IT channel. TI services are high technology of Bank process, tool and information offered by Bank to their staff as well as customers.Focusing on profitability is the main objective for any commercial organization such as Bank dhof er to achieve maximum profits and rectify shareholder return. Globule banks finickyly the large of them believes that if e-banking delivery channel such as cash dispensers, SMS banking, inter dinero, deposit machines (CDM) and call center if deployed in good manner will deliver to reduce the cost of operation activates which operate to enhance the bank profitability. According to Nsouli Schaechter (2002) in 1996 a survey published by Booz-Allen Hamiltoan addressed e-banking come out with the estimated cost of daily transitions in united state of full branch service is 1.07 US dollar per transaction, while send for banking cost 54 cent, ATM 27 cent and meshing banking 1.5 cent. Forester (2003) has come out with research cover most largest bank in Europe state that the cost of any simple transaction that branch teller make is more costly by 14 metres if we comber it with online transaction cost. This research found that if customer made transaction in bank branch will cost th em astir(predicate) 1 dollar cumbering with 60 cent if he made it through telephone call, while using the same transaction online will reduce it to 0.02 cent. Moreover improving e-channel will develop customer relationship by providing 24/7 online excess of banking services on time and whenever he need. E-banking has direct benefit and indirect. Direct benefit through reducing operation cost, overhead cost, faster transactions, less sue loading, reduce customer waiting queues and allow staff more free time which may used for marketing purpose.Here are around good examples of Bank Dhofar e-banking channels2.0 ATMBank Dhofar is increasing dependent on use of information technology (IT) in carrying out business operations. The management of IT function has become very critical (Okunoye et al, 2007) due to implementation of IT based banking and ATM system as rapid use of advanced communication net work for connecting multiple location across the country. The latest of last century wa s the age of processing engineering (D.Dilijonas D. Zavrid, 2008). The growing dependence on technology for managing business also exposes the organization to substantial IT security risks.2.1 Before ATMATM is net work Technology offer high speed (T.Pham, 1998). Before ATM invented all commercial Banks and spicily Bank Dhofar were facing allot of difficulty those problems brought a headache to all Bank staff spicily cashier when salaries has been ascribe in customers accounts a long queue of customer stretching in front of cashier window waiting for their salaries and they feel uncomfortable with Bank services. likewise cahier in trouble he/ she should work faster than he could which made him makes mistakes, this mistakes either shortages or access, it need a lot of time to discover it and near time cashier pay that deference. Some time customer need to know their account balance, lease statement or small inquire about their account situation they should reach the Bank or any b ranches. In the same time if customer needs an urgent liquidity when Bank close, at that place is no way to have it and this problem become bigger if the next day is holyday, which may make a big loss to that customer.But afterward ATM is coming up every thing has change to good a lot of problems disappear and customer served will, cost reduced, quality of service improved and money reachable for 24 hours / 7 days a week only it need to insert your ATM observations.2.2 ObjectivesThe ATMs and SDMs play an important role in the Banks retail and corporate banking strategy byProviding a 24 hours / 365 days a year (S.Yoshizawa J.Makiwo, 2001) automate service comprising cash deposits withdrawal, curb deposits, utility commit payment, credit card payment, transfer of funds, mini statement, cheque request, etc.Reliving pressure at the cash counters and ensuring that all transitions are processed online, real time so no further back end processing is required.Reducing the risk of forged currency notes being deposited, since SDMs are programmed to detect counterfeit notes. modify the Bank to protect both its retail and corporate customer base.Offering customer the convenience of choice of locations from which they sack up carry out their basic banking activities.Displaying to the mankind a progressive image of the Bank.Although set up primarily to provide a vital customer service, cost effectiveness of ATMs and SDMs improves progressively in simile to their utilization.The aim must therefore beTo make every personal accountholder a debit cardholder and,To direct all corporate customer to the CDMs for their cash / cheque deposit.2.3 ChallengesOne of the most challenges that effect ATMs as will as CDMs is security. The global problem of ATMs / CDMs fraud is constantly evolving word wide, while the industry is trying to contend in all fronts. Fraudsters have been innovative and evolve new techniques starting from a simple card trapping, cash swap to sophisti cated techniques like skimming, card trapping, cash tapping etc. and brute force attacks. Fraudsters have been moving to markets which are considered less non-EMV or non-CHIP markets. The card associations, ATM Vendors, financial institution all have been working together to combat this fraud.By taking a few measures Bank Dhofar could do a bit in combating this menace and improve customer confidence in the popular ATMs / CDMs channel.3.0 HPS Power Card3.1 IntroductionOne of the main things that Bank Dhofar is trying to achieve is improving the existing product and this we can find it clear when Bank Dhofar get into the Power Card. Power Card is an ATM Switch and debit Management System supplied by High Tech Payment Systems (HPS), Morocco. It will replace the existing legacy system call Sparrow from CR2. Power CARD can be accessed using Internet Explorer. It will be initially accessible Card Center, Operation Department, Call Centre, Retail Banking, IT and branches.3.2 What are the primary objectives of this project and implementation?Improving customer service at Card / Call Center, improved operations and MIS such as SMS alerts for ATM customers, new services like EMV acquiring, EMV issuing, Balance Enquiry on international ATMs foreign GCC, enabling of debit cards on Internet, security and compliance with International Payment Network mandates.The new system is already certified for EMV (Europay / MasterCard/Visa) which would enable Bank Dhofar to issue CHIP based debit card and also accept CHIP based international VISA Card on our ATMs.A Debit / Credit Cared is a bank card used to make electronic withdrawal of cash through Automated Teller Machines (ATM) or pay for goods and services at point-of sales terminal or on the world- Wide web (internet) or obtain cash advances from ATM, up to- agreed credit limits.4.0 New Call Center Service WISALThe field of relation design has increased its concentrate to know how systems of technology-based products are imp lemented (Forlizzi, J. 2007). Life become fast and Bank Dhofar cerebrate on that by offer new service that helps his customers to reach the Bank and finish his need on faster way, so they introduce new service all Wisal. Wisal is a toll free service offered by Bank Dhofar Call Center it allows the customer to contact Call Center using special identification number to request some servicesIt is a latest offering comes in line with the banks strategy to move closer to its clients and provide convenient, fast and customer friendly services.WISAL is backed by state of the technology to enable it to become an efficient and effective touch point and deliver channel. The staffs of WISAL are exceedingly trained to deliver the kind of quality services that hopefully will help bank to gain more customers and retain existing ones.WISAL Services will includeGeneral InquiriesLoan InquiriesChaque Book RequestProduct Service InformationCredit Card Balance Other Related InquiriesComplaint mani pulation ResolutionMoney TransferATM Transaction InquiresAnd more..5.0 Internet BankingBank Dhofar is one of a leading banks in Oman that introduce Internet banking to reduce the transaction cost and improve customers satisfaction, where there is combined relationship between customer and internet banking affecting the bank achievement. Bank Dhofar and other banks in Oman introduce internet banking to fulfill customers different requests specially when technology allow that aiming to enhance customer satisfaction, attracting those new customers and bring back existing ones. Majority of world banks and local anaesthetic especially in Oman like bank Dhofar are provide their customers by variety internet free service in order to promote the customer to transfer to electronic method rather than using the traditional one.In 2002 a research on Internet bankers shone that 37% of online banking services directive to 18 % of European peoples. Research also expected the number will reach th e double bringing new generation of self services while such research was absent in my country.Bank Dhofar online services have design to satisfy customers by offering Varity of services like-Paying utility bills orderliness cheque bookHave account statementCheck the balance accountCheck payment and receivingSee the bank productRecently, bank dhofar tend to educate his customers by deploying his staff across Oman to satisfy them and check bank expectation.6.0 Self Service Module of Helps DeskThe bank has installed IT Help Desk Software in the IT variation (ITD) to track and control the software, ATM, Network and hardware related support request received by IT Department from branches and head office departments. This will further improve the quality of service from ITD to IT users in the bank.The IT Help Desk system is an internal software application used to track all support calls / request received by ITD in a centralized, searchable database for easy reference by IT staff, ena bling quick resolution to issues and simplifying the tracking of issues.The staff branches and head office will be able to input their support call / requests using Web based system. As the request is input by the user staff, the system generate a work order history for future reference.7.0 FindingMany financial institution may facing some technical problems in designing new systems or product that enhance operation activities but Bank Dhofar has achieve good performance in introducing new IT technology to serve his customer very will, offer new and chosen product and concentrate on IT Technology aiming to provide better service, reduce the cost, improve productivities and satisfied the customers.As a branch manager with 14 years in banking sector I observed that e-channel especially like ATM has played most important role to improved customer satisfaction, display e-banking knowledge and develop customer attitude from banking services. Recently customer has improved his knowledge about bank product and services through concord the important of e-channel and how it make easy of banking transaction to save customer time meanwhile, bank dhofar has deployed ATM and other e-channel in Oman to satisfied itself through reducing bank expenses on transaction and satisfied his customer by reduce waiting time in branches.8.0 ConclusionReport has focused on Bank Dhofar engender in implementing the successful of one operation management aspect Lean Management and how it solve many operational problem which lead to enhance the Bank productivity and achieve customer satisfactions.9.0 RecommendationOne of good thing that Bank Dhofar planned to achieve is introduce new IT technology to maximize the benefits and meet new business challenges, this true but during this investigation I find that Bank Dhofar still need to focus on the technology of this century same using internet banking to provide faster communication that enhances Bank success. Because its the latest techno logy that occupied the country last deceit and number of using internet is expanded daily.

Inventory Management of Nepalese Public Enterprises

store Management of Nepalese Public EnterprisesCHAPTER-2Review of Literature in that location argon many researches make in memorandum Management of Nepalese Public enterprises and Private enterprises. Most of them has made on the manufacturing enterprises. In this chapter attempts has been made to present the reappraisal of literature regarding retention reign overment.2.1 Conceptual FrameworkInventory ManagementThe writer (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) defines coat up as any kind of idol resource that has potential stinting value considered as locked up capital. Inventory is a list of sounds and substantives which is acquirable in impart by business (Saxena, 2009). Other write (Li, 2007, p. 175) defines p arntage as the stock of any items or resources used in an face. Stock consists of all advanceds and materials that atomic number 18 stored by an organization which is unplowed for future use (Waters, 2003). According to (Roy, 2005, p. 100) descent is list of goods or item s.Inventory charge is the active control program which allows the management of sales, purchases and payments (Inventorymanagement). The compose (Saxena, 2009, p. 2) refers inventory management as a execute of managing natural materials, semi- complete products and ideal-products by a firm. The inventory management is a set of the process and policies that determines what inventory level should be maintained, what stock should be replenished and how large erect should be (Li, 2007, p. 175). According to (Toomey, 2003, p. 1) inventory management is a branch of business management which concerned in readiness and controlling inventories.Effective stock management nitty-gritty providing the desired stock service level or maximizing your profit while at the said(prenominal) age keeping your total stock follow as low as possible bySelecting products that initially allot, well and discontinuing those that stop selling. get the decent measure (how frequently to buy) get at t he remunerate while (when to buy)Keeping your total inventory enthronement in balance with the expected levels of salesTo control damages and improve profit, it is obligatory to actively manage every(prenominal) asset we own. And it is particularly true of the management of goods and material we buy and keep on land every far our own use or for resale. The goal of inventory management is to increase profit on inventory while change magnitude customer services (Frazelle, 2002, p. 91)The dictionary meaning of inventory is stock of goods or a list of goods. Various authors define the word inventory in their ways. In accounting language may mean stock of end goods. In a manufacturing concern, it may include b be-ass materials, work in process and stores. To chthonianstand the exact meaning of inventory the word inventory we may study it form the usage side and from the point of entry in the operationAmong the different aspects of management, inventory management is also one o f the major factors to course significant role in management of material , part supplies, expenses tools , working process, finished products and then accede on the books and maintenance of store rooms, warehouses by an organization is cognise as inventory management .2.2 Nature of InventoryThe company holds different kinds of inventories to obtain their goals (Waters, 2003). Basically we can divide inventory into three key which are pastime,Raw materialWork in progressFinished goods(Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21)Raw MaterialThe stocks or inventories and purchase parts which is not part of manufacturing process is called unprocessed material (Toomey, 2003). Raw materials are those basic introduces that put one over to be gone through the different process to convert into finished goods.Raw materials inventories are much(prenominal) kind of inventories which have been purchased and stored for future manufacturing process. Raw materials are hold in store by manufacturing company t o smooth running of turnout process. The author defines raw material as those kinds of stocks which is imported from suppliers and are store until needed for manufacture (Waters, 2003, p. 9).Work in progressWork in progress refers to inventory units that are currently being worked on (Waters, 2003, p. 9). Work in progress inventories are uncomplete a finished product nor raw materials. It is middle of raw materials and finished product. The author (Toomey, 2003, pp. 20-21) defines work in progress (WIP) inventories are those kinds of inventories which are in different phase of completion throughout the manufacturing process. It is very difficult to separate which materials are WIP and which are not. Because the same materials may be a raw material in one industry and same material may be a WIP as well as finished goods in early(a) industry. It depends upon nature of production.Finished goodsThe finished goods inventory represents products that are ready for sale. According to (To omey, 2003, pp. 20-21) finished goods are those items which are awaiting shipment to customers. Finished goods inventories includes all the completed products which going to be sell (Muller, 2003, pp. 19-20).These are goods fully manufactured inspected and ready for dispatch to a customer. In manufacturing firm, these are the final output of the production process. Stocks of finished goods are held by manufacturing and non-manufacturing company for market operation.2.3 Purpose of inventoryInventory is the most of the essence(p) to all manufacturing organization in todays industrial world and it plays vital role to exist the company. So it is necessary to manage it properly because both situations of inventories either unjustified or wanting(predicate) are not acceptable to the firm. There are two larger points within which the firm should operate. The objective of inventory management should be to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment. The optimum level of inventory will lie between two danger points of excessive and inadequate inventories.According to (Wild, 2002, p. 7) the propose of the inventory management function in supporting in the business activities is to optimize the three sectors customer services, inventory embody and operational cost. The author refers about purpose of inventory like this the inventory is give rised when put up excesses the demand. The main purpose of holding the inventory in the company is to prevent from famine of raw materials, expected demand, to gain more profit (Li, 2007, p. 176).Firm should always aware from over investment or to a decline place-investment in the inventories. Over investment and under investment in inventory is unhealthy for the company. Due to over investment into inventory, makes unnecessary tie-up and the amount which we cant invest in early(a) purpose, increasing carrying costs, risk of liquidity. Excessive carrying costs will directly effect in the company profit. Due to over inventories it may not be possible to sell them in time and at full value. Similarity, WIP is far more difficult to sell because as we said before WIP is not finished goods. In the same way finished goods inventory should sold at low prices due to fall in the price in market and the seasonal factors. So, more investment in inventories is harmful to producer/company. It should be cut down.Similarly, under investment in inventories also not good for company. It carries some problems such as production hold-ups, frequent production interruptions. If finished goods are not sufficient, we do not meet the customers demand and our goodwill also loss. Thus, the objectives of inventory management should be neither excessive nor inadequate level of inventories but maintaining sufficient inventory level for the smooth production and sales operations. An optimum level of inventory should be goaded on the basis of the trade-off between costs and benefits. The various importance of inv entory management can be summarized up as followsPredictabilityUnreliability of supplyPrice protectionLower ordering costAnticipated demand2.7 Procedure of Inventory ManagementThese are lot of function have to be done For the achievement of its objectives business performs a big variety of function, namely production, marketing, personnel, office research and training of these production and marketing are basic operate functions in a typical business enterprise. Marketing is concerned with the demand side of goods and services, while production is concerned with the supply side. One cannot exist without former(a) however, decisions about the production activities constitute one of the most important functions of the top management. Production is concerned with the provision of goods and services for the satisfaction of the customer wants. Therefore the consumer depends upon the good economical and efficient production system good inventory management there should be used differen t activities in ought procedure or manner. superior general activities such as acquire, receiving, store-keeping and issuing and pricing are the procedure of inventory management. They are described as follows2.7.1 PurchasingPurchasing is the fulcrum when it comes to meeting customer demands (Johnson, 2010) . Purchasing is the most important function of inventory management to select the suppliers, because it brings significant saving for the organization (Elanchezhian, et al 2010). All organization need various kinds of scuttlebutt like goods and services form external suppliers. The writers ( Baily, Farmer, Jessop, jones, 2005, pp. 3-4) define purchasing as to acquire reclaim quantity of material, at the right time, in the right quantity, from the right source, at the right price. In simple words purchasing is relate to going the open market finding the require materials at the lowest price and selecting the supplier who chaps it at that price having the quality of the mater ials in minds. In fact the process of inventory management begins with purchasing .The need for particular materials initiates purchasing in a firm. A good purchasing management has played important role in the manufacturing companies. We should pay more attention in the purchasing raw materials, supplies in the right quantity of the right quality from the right origin at the right time and cost. The production is hampered the scarcity of raw materials on time, purchasing department should take grater responsibilities and should analysis the existing procural policy and should tune with the overall organizational objectives and policies. We can improve management of purchase by the abet of standardization, value analysis, material substitution, transportation saving and cost reduction of packing modification.There are the following functions of a purchase department.How to purchase?Where to purchase?How much to purchase?At what price to purchase?To perform there function effectivel y, the purchase department follows the following proceduresReceiving purchase segregationExploring the sources of supply and choosing of suppliersPreparation and consummation of purchase order.Receiving and inspecting materials.Checking and issuing of bills for payment.3The objectives of purchase department is to arrange the supply of materials, spare parts and services or semi-finished goods demand for desired production .Walters observes purchasing functions as The Procurement and Purchase of the proper materials, machinery, equipment and supplies for stores used in the manufacturing of a product adopted to marketing in the proper quality at the proper time and at the lowest price constant with desired.Purchasing now become a specialized function in many organization wasting expenses that Purchasing is a managerial activity that goes beyond the simple act of buying and includes the planning and policy, objectives covering wide range of related and complimentary included in such activities are the research and growth required for the proper selection of materials and sources from which these materials may be brought.4In the words of matter industrial purchasing is The procurement by purchase of Alfred and Beauty .Principles of industrial the proper adopted to marketing in the proper quantity and quality at the proper time and at the lowest price consistently with the quality desired A Purchasing means a policy well planned, Procedures free from much formalities and development of up to date rules and techniques of higher standard to reveal efficiency and economy.52.7.2 Receipt and Store KeepingAfter sometimes of placing the order, flow-up process starts to get quick oral communication of the items. The items are received by the purchasing department at the time of delivery and received items are compared with purchase order and actual materials received should be entered in goods received note. Then all items received by the purchasing department shoul d be passed into store for protection against deterioration and pilferage. They are stored in such a way that their location is easily place at the time of issue The store function involves both keeping the store of materials and keeping the store records, the former being physical task and the later being accounting task depending upon the nature and requirements of the organizations the stores are classified as centralized and decentralized store.6In the words of Maynard, the duties of store keeping are to receive materials to protect than while in storage from damage and unauthorized removal to issue the materials in the right quantity at the right time , to the right place and to provide these services promptly and at least costs.Good store keeping should armed service achieve location identification, receipt and issue without delay. Storage space should be economically utilized and materials should be protected against deterioration, fine theft, details of quantities should b e available on request. General code numbers are assigned to materials for easy identification. Materials may be stored in bin, rack, drawer, tray, boxes or floor area.7Store keeping in the activity of receiving or distributing stores or supplies, stores included direct raw materials, indirect materials (supplies) and finished goods8Generally the physical stock available in the store afterwards counting, weighting , measuring , listing as the case may be is properly recorded by only of the following methods.2.7.3 Issued and PricingMaterials are kept in stores so that the storekeeper may issue them whenever these are required by the production departments. Materials should be issued on receipt of materials requisition of Bill of materials under proper authority to avoid the misappropriation of materials.9Materials issued from the stores are debited to the jobs or work orders which received them and credited to the materials account. These jobs are debited with the value of material issued to them.10Each item at bottom the inventory has some value associated with it. This value depends on the price duration of the item inside the inventory, procurement cost, storage cost etc. Generally the time of purchase and time of issue of any items are different and the market prices of the items also vary with time. Thus, for costing purposes, the problems of pricing at the time of issue are great signification.112.7.4 Cost Basis for Inventory ValuationThe primary basis of accounting for inventory is cost which has been defined generally as the price gainful to considerate given to acquire an asset. As applied to inventories, cost means in principal the sum of the applicable expenditure and changes directly or indirectly incurred in bringing an article to its existing condition and location.12Conceptually the process of valuation the inventory is simple. We can calculate inventory value that multiplying physical quantity of goods by cost per unit. But in practice, many organizations purchase different types of raw materials at different price and differenttime. Price of materials changes time to time. There are many types of raw materials remain in the stock. It is not always possible to identify the individual particular purchase group. At the solution firms have faced difficulties in valuation the inventories. In this situation there are many methods which are based on historical cost used in determining the value of inventory area. First In First Out regularityUnder the First In First Out method the units are assumed to have been disposed of in the order in which they were acquired and the units remaining are assumed to be those which were acquired last. This assumption is realistic in that good merchandising requires that older stock be moved to the front and new purchases placed in back of the bin. Consequently the oldest merchandise in sold first, because sales orders are filled from the front of the bins. The last merchandise purchased rem ains in the inventory.13b. Last In First Out MethodUnder this method, the cost of goods sold consists of the cost of the most recently acquired goods, and the ending inventory consists of the cost of the oldest goods which were available for sale during the period.14This method does not conform to the physical flow of the units of goods but is unless widely used. In periods of steadily rising prices, the inventory value will be at the lower cost of the earliest units acquired. The value of the inventory on the statement of financial position is a conservative one. In the statement of income the cost of goods sold is higher, and when costs increase net income is lower resulting in lower income taxes of course, in periods of falling prices, the results will be opposite, the cost of good sold will be lower and net income will be higher. Under last in first out method, whether costs are rising or falling, the net income over a series of years shows less variation.15.c. Specific Price o r Identification MethodUnder this method, materials issued to production are priced at their purchase prices. The basic assumption in following this method is that materials in the stores are capable of being identified as belonging to specific lots. Identification can be made by placing some distinguishing mark usually price tag on every lot. When materials are issued, price tags are removed and forwarded to the costing department for ascertaining the material cost of production.This method is simple in its mechanism and operation. This method does not create accounting complications as are associated with the working of FIFO, last in first out and average methods. But this method is useful where job costing is in operation and the actual material issued can be identified. It is also suited to the needs of a small business enterprise when a small number of items of materials are purchased and stored which can be easily identified.16d. Base Stock MethodEach concern always maintains a minimum quantity of material in stock. This minimum quantity is known as safety or base stock and this should be used only when an emergency arises. The base stock is created out of the first lot the material purchased and, therefore, it is always valued at the cost price of the first lot and is carried forward as a fixed asset.This method works with some separate method and is generally used with FIFO or LIFO method. Any quantity over and above the base stock is issued in accordance with the other method which is used in conjunction with this method. The objective of this method is to issue the material according to the current prices. This objective will be achieved only when the LIFO method is used together with the Base Stock method.172.8 Cost Associated with InventoryThere are many cost associated with the size of inventory directly either advocating to decrease the inventory size or suggesting an increase in the inventory size, for an effective inventory analysis and contro l of the system one should have take place picture about the behavior of cost associated with different factors. Different kinds of costs associated with inventory management are explained below.a. Carrying costCarrying cost per period, c, represent the cost of inventory storage, treatment and insurance, together with the required rate of return on the investment in inventory. These costs are assumed to be constant per unit of inventory per unit of time.18Cost incurred for maintaining a given level of inventory are called carrying cost.Carrying cost means storing cost. It starts when raw-materials are placed in warehouse and it continuous until finished goods have not produced except production cost. When we carry raw- materials to production spot and there make final product and that final product we carry into stock. In course of carrying to production spot and returned back to warehouse may labor, handling cost, this cost is also included in carrying costs. However the size of i nventory increases, the carrying cost also increases. The carrying costs and the inventory size are positively related and move in the same direction.Carrying cost is the first category of inventory management cost which is generally associated harmoniseally with the average value of inventory.19Total carrying cost vary in proportion to the value of inventory usually they are computed from the following formula.Total carrying cost = Average inventory * carrying cost per unitSymbolically TCC = Q/2 *CWhere,Q = Quantity order sizeb. parliamentary law costOrdering cost represent all of the cost of placing and receiving an order. When a firm is ordering from an external source, these include the costs of preparing the purchase requisition, expediting the order (long-distance calls and follow-up letters), receiving and inspecting the shipment and handling charge.In practice, the cost per order generally contains both fixed and variable components, since a portion of the cost- such as th at of receiving and inspecting the order- normally varies with the quantity ordered. Ordering cost may different in the sense of inventories nature. Such as for Raw-materials- ordering cost involves the clerical cost in placing an order as well as certain costs of receiving and checking the goods once they arrive. For finished goods- ordering cost involves scheduling a production run. And for work-in-progress- ordering costs are likely to involve nonentity more than record keeping.Ordering cost the fixed expense in the preparation and execution of an order for goods.20Ordering cost increase in proportion to the number of orders placed. Thus more frequently the inventor is acquired, higher the firms ordering costs. On the other hand ordering costs decrease with increasing size of inventory.Generally ordering costs involvesCost of placing an orderRequisitioning costTransportation/shipping costReceiving, inspecting and storing costsSales tax, Customs, etcClearing and forwarding costs restitution of raw-materialsStationary costBank commission/ L.C. chargesTelephone/Fax/Postage expense to follow upCost incurred when raw-materials in transitFirms usually offer discount for purchase materials in large quantity. Such discount helps reduction in the unit price of the items purchases, such facilities encourage buyers to place a fewer orders rather than placing small onceOrdering cost is calculated by following formulaOrdering cost = Annual Requirement/Quantity order size *Ordering cost per unitSymbolically,TOC = A/Q x O2.9 Inventory trunksThe inventory accounting system can be Periodic System or continuous system.2.10 Inventory Management ModelsPush and Pull ModelsInventory management models can be classified either push or consecrate modelsa. Push Inventory ModelsPush models schedule orders for production or order good in advance or customer demand. Manufactures push the finished products through the distribution channel to intermediaries and the final consumer. Ec onomic Order Quantity (EOQ), Material Requirement planning (MRPI), Manufacturing Resource mean (MRIP II) and distribution requirement planning (DRP) are all push models.i. Economic order quantity (EOQ)In an ideal environment, forecasting demand would be easy and straight forward. Simply look at past demand patterns to predict future consumption. Under these conditions, EOQ model can be used to calculate when to order the item and how much to order. The basic EOQ equality is as followsEOQ = 2PD/CVWhere,P=Cost of placing one order in rupeesD = Annual demand for the productC = Annual inventory carrying cost expresses as a percentage of products cost of value.V = Average cost or value of one unit of inventoryii. Material Requirement Planning (MRPI)MRPI is a computer- based management information system designed to manage dependent demand inventory items in the transformation process of operations management. This computerized inventory system was developed in the 1960s to deal primar ily with the timing the tedious record keeping of dependent demand inventory transactions.Many researchers confide that MRP systems historically have made a fundamental software development contribution that has helped cause computer-based system to integrate and therefore aid in the development of computer- integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems.21One of the most common dependent demand inventory system used in the United States is the managerial requirement planning (MRP) system.22It supports the planning and control of dependent demand inventory and is most popular in U.S organizations that have substantial dependent demand inventory to manage. It includes any products that are made from dependent demand inventory items such has components or raw materials. MRP processes information for production scheduling and capacity planning as well.As an inventory management system, MRP can be used to plan inventory needs over a fixed planning horizon. Although MRP can plan inventory requi rement for a period of from a single day to several years, the information the program generator is usually based on workweekly intervals. In MRP terminology, the weekly (or other time period chosen) are referred to as time buckets. One of the primary objectives of an MRP system is provide an adequate supply of dependent demand inventory when required fro production. MRP also seeks to provide useful inventory, production scheduling, and capacity planning information for inventory control proposes.There are two types of MRP systemsRegenerative SystemThis is a day-after-day data input system. Under this system, changes in input data are saved until a specific time, such as the end of a week or end of a month. Changes are then run on a group of batch basis.Net-change SystemThis is a continuous data input system. Under this system, changes are immediately entered into the computer. New MRP planning information is then recomputed for all of the elements in the inventory system that are affected by the changes.iii. Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) SystemThe basis MRP system simply handles the materials aspects of production/ operations control. No real account is taken of capacity implications Therefore one more modern system developed in Manufacturing resources planning (MRPII) system24In addition to producing the detailed material plan, the system can produce detailed capacity plans provided it has the necessary job-routing data and so on. The implementation of these plans allows shop-floor and purchase control to be carried out. MRP II is essentially a computer system. It has been suggested by Oliver Wight that MRP/ MRP II implementations can be classified on a four- point scale, from A to D. Table no . Briefly describes these states.ClassCharacteristicsDMRP working in data-processing department only unworthy inventory recordsMaster schedule mismanagedReliance on shortage lists for progressingCUsed for inventory ordering, not schedulingScheduling by s hortage listsoverladen master scheduleBSystem includes capacity planning, shop-floor controlUsed to plan production, not manage the businessHelps still needed from shortage listsInventory higher than necessaryAUses closed-loop MRPIntegrates capacity planning, shop-floor control, vendor schedulingUsed to plan sales, engineering, purchasingNo shortage lists to over-ride schedulesMost organization implementing MRP/ MRP II are on the course of instruction from class D status to class A status. A difficult faced is knowing, in a quantitative sense, where on the path the organization is, and what steps to take to effect improvements.iv. Distribution Requirement Planning (DRP)DRP applies MRP II principles to the flow of finished goods to field warehouses and customers. Although MRP II improved MRP by victorious into account both material management and production scheduling. It failed to account for this out bound movement. DRP adjusts ordering patterns of inventory needs vary, responds more readily to system wide inventory needs and better deals with product availability and receipt timing.b. Pull Inventory ModelPull inventory models are based on do goods once customer demand is known . The product is inclineed through the channel of distribution by the order. Recent trends suggest a movement to use pull inventory models to reduce inventory throughout the channels. JIT and KanBan are the must widely used pull inventory models.i. KanBan Pull ModelThe KanBan Mean visual record and is the production control system the uses JIT production system, allowing production with smaller inventories, KanBan is also referred to as card system, a single card KanBan and two card KanBan system.ii. whizz Card KanBanThe single card kanban system uses only a conveyance (move) kanban and no production kanban. The single card kanban is must common used in Japan.25iii. Two card KanBanInventroy is usually controlled at low levels by using a manual two card KanBan system. One card is c onveyance KanBan, the requisition and authorization of transferenceof materials form supply center to work center. A second card the production KanBan, authorizes the production of materials.2

Essay --

By definition Classroom management a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that schoolroom slightons run smoothly scorn disruptive behavior by students. Classroom management is a very big part of teaching, almost as big as the lesson itself. From my experiences most classes that pay off EBD and students with disabilities, you may sport 5 students with special needs, 3 students that need to make up work, 3 disruptive students, 2 students with ADHD, 3 students who dont have their books or home work, 6 students who decided not to bring a pencil and two who have no more(prenominal) notebook paper, and all of this is on the good days. Under these circumstances it is easy to see why a teacher wouldnt be successful. An sound teachers best tool for situations like this is classroom management. While knowing your subject is the first step to being a good teacher, you wouldnt be able pass the knowledge along to the students without effective discipline and classroom m anagement.I think its inevitable that youll run into some problems but you learn on the job. Its important to set rules and boundaries. I think kids like you better when you have structure. As the year goes on you can joke or have a light moment with them. Thats one of the things I like most about teaching, just those relationships. But if you break to early you can never go back. You can get less strict but not more.A teachers approach to classroom management will vary depending on factors like psychological, education take of the student, social, cultural, overall classroom level the physical conditions of the school and organization structure. Classroom management is the first and basic step of educational administration. Classroom is a nonplus where in is ... ...cher and student believe in. A great deal of students with EBD or disabilities lack emotional discipline as well as maturity that argon needed to remain on-task for any extended period of time. Reprimanding the studen ts for their lapse in focus will not get them to get back on foil but most likely cause them to withdraw even more. Building in short breaks or rest periods into your lessons is a great way to retort the students a chance to shake of any frustration and remain on task. Strategies for teaching these kinds of students should be based around changing their behavior and making it more positive and more focused on education, rather then the traditional school format of lesson, lesson, lesson. The best classroom management systems are focused on including students and praising good accomplishments, rather then trying to discourage bad behavior though punishment.

Aristotles Analysis of Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus Rex Essays

Aristotles Analysis of Oedipus Rex Aristotle is the most influential philosopher in the history of Western horizon. A Greek drama by Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, was praised in the Poetics of Aristotle as the illustration for classical tragedy and is still considered a principal example of the genre. In this essay I will analyze Oedipus Rex using Aristotles concepts praxis, poiesis, theoria. Thought and character brighten persons actions. They only indicate the basic meaning of action but if one wants to sympathize how the arts imitate action more than just in concepts of thought and character he or she should explore the notion of it a little further. Action springs from character and thought. Aristotle believes that a man?s character makes him act in certain ways, but he acts only in response to the change of circumstances in his life, and it is his perception that shows him what to look for and what to avoid in each situation. Furthermore, in Aristotle?s psychology, action and cha racter are formed from out ill-defined emotions, which he calls pathos. Therefore in any tragedy the element of it is essential. If we want to understand the action in Oedipus Rex, we must concentrate on the relationship between the pathos with which the actual play starts and ends, and the purpose which is to find the slayer, that produces the events of the story. Action and passion or (praxis and pathos), are very sharply contrasted. Action is simply active the character perceives something that it wants, and gradually ?moves? toward it. Passion on the other hand is passive the character suffers something that it sess?t control, and therefore ?is moved? thereby. This can be best illustrated in the Prologue of Oedipus Rex, Thebe... ...ing and unrivaled in its comprehensiveness. Works Cited and Consulted Barnes, Jonathan. The Complete works of Aristotle. Revised ed. Vol. 2. Princeton Princeton UP, 1984. Benardete, Seth. ?Sophocles? Oedipus Tyrannus.? In Sophocles A Collection of C ritical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Ehrenberg, Victor. ?Sophoclean Rulers Oedipus.? In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O?Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Grene, Marjorie. A portraiture of Aristotle. Chicago U of C, 1963. Murray, Robert D. Jr. ?Sophocles? Moral Themes.? In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1997. ?Sophocles? In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.