Anatomy And Biomechanics Of Thumb Health And Social Care Essay

In rugger, the rate of hurt is three times higher than association football and football. More figure of hurts faced by the young person of aged 10-18 old ages. 90 % of the hurts to male childs, grownups of age 25-34 old ages besides are at high hazard. The hurts normally occur during lucifer than preparation, 40 % of hurts are muscular strain and bruise and 30 % of hurts are strain developed by break, over usage, laceration and disruption. About 57 % of hurts occur during high pacing of the lucifer, frequently in 2nd half of the lucifer. Frequent hurts will be in upper limb particularly in pollex. Thumb will wound often while undertaking and go throughing the ball. Players who are in decompression sicknesss and sledges will acquire hurts in pollex with laceration and scratch from cleats ( Facts on Rugby hurts, 2009 ) . Thumb plays a major function in human organic structure. It initiates 50 % of manus map as a whole. The pollex is alone from other fingers in both anatomically every bit good as bio-mechanically. ( Ashkenaze, et Al, 1992 ) Anatomically, thumb consists of a metacarpal and two phalanges ; in the distal row of carpal castanetss, trapezium with this bone. ( Donald, 2008 ) . The thumb gives opposition to the other fingers and thenar whilst making grasping and preciseness. Thumb is working like a mechanical constituent dynamic ligament and strong musculuss ( Imaeda.T, et Al, 1992 ) . â€Å" The trapeziometacarpal articulation is potentially the most unstable but has adapted to its alone place by particular joint geometry and, in peculiar, a combination of support ligaments that permit a broad scope of gesture yet stableness † ( Imaeda.T, et Al, 1992, The metacarpophalangeal articulation has six-degree freedom of motion, extension and flexin, adduction and abduction, supination and pronation. The scope of motion in thumb metacarpophalangeal articulation is non standard for everyone, the fluctuation is depends on the radius of curvature of the metacarpal caput. Incidence of hurt additions, when there is a restriction in scope of gesture within the articulations. The intrinsic stableness is minimum in metacarpophalangeal articulation ; proper and accessary indirect ligament renders the sidelong support. The beginning of proper indirect ligament is from the sidelong condyles of metacarpal, which lies sidelong and infix on the palmar facet of proximal phalanx. This ligament is tight during flexure and relaxes during extension. The accessary collateral originates from cervix of metacarpal and inserted into the palmar home base and sesamoid bone. This ligament is tight during extension and relaxes during flexure ( Donald, 2008 ) .Carpometacarpal articulationThe articulation of carpometacarpal articulation is between trapezium and base of metacarpal. It is saddle assortment of articulation, which interlocked in return with perpendicular longitudinal axis ( Donald, 2008 ) . Abduction and adduction, this motion occurs in the concave plane of carpometacarpal articulation. The metacarpal axial rotations and semivowels in opposite way during abduction and adduction of carpometacarpal articulation ( perpendicular to handle ) . Flexure and extension, this motion occurs in bulging plane of carpometacarpal articulation. The metacarpal axial rotations and semivowels in same way during flexure and extension of carpometacarpal articulation. ( Norkin, et Al, 1992 ) The anterior volar and posterior oblique ligament, the front tooth and posterior intermetacarpal ligament and dorsal radial ligament provide the ligamentous stableness for trapeziometacarpal articulation. The beginning of anterior ( palmar ) oblique is from trapezium and inserted into palmar portion of the pollex metacarpal. This is the premier ligament for stableness of carpometacarpal articulation. The dorsal ligament is reenforcing by anterior posterior ligament because dorsal ligament is non effectual as palmar ligament ( Donald, 2008 ) .Common INJURIES IN THUMB FOR RUGBY PLAYERSThumb Metacarpal Fracture:Metacarpal caput of thumb break is uncommon, indirect to mobility of CMC articulation of pollex. Mechanism of hurt is direct injury. Shaft break of pollex metacarpal is besides uncommon, indirect to mobility of CMC articulation, due to the presence of strong cortical bone of pollex. High energy is required to fall in the shaft of pollex metacarpal than shaft of metacarpal of othe r finger. Shortening and mal rotary motion leads to fracture of this bone, which happens due to slackness of intermetacarpal ligament and due to altered force of the intrinsic musculuss. Fracture base of pollex metacarpal is common in rugger. Mechanism of hurt is due to the axial burden on partly flexed shaft of metacarpal. The mobility of the CMC is important, minor to the anatomy of trapezium and base of metacarpal. Two sorts of saddle articulations are topographic point in propinquity whose axis is perpendicular to each other ( Donald.R.L, 2008 ) . ‘Ligamentous stableness at the trapeziometacarpal articulation is maintained by the front tooth ( palmar ) and posterior oblique ligaments, anterior and posterior intermetacarpal ligaments, and the dorsal radial ligament ‘ ( Donald, 2008, p-5 ) . Fracture of metacarpal base differentiated into intra articular and excess articular. The intra is articular divided into Bennett ‘s break and Rolando ‘s break. Fractures in excess articular portion of metacarpal base are common. The breaks most likely occur in oblique or in cross manner, which takes topographic point proximal to metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. Due to the drawing force of adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis and kidnapper pollicis brevis ; the distal fragment adducted and flexed ( Donald.R.L, 2008 ) .Bennett ‘s FractureFracture disruption of first metacarpal with subluxation and carpo metacarpal articular surface break. This break disruption is common in rugger participants. Bennett ‘s break is an intra articular break with subluxation, the subluxation is due to the withdrawal of deep ulnar ligament which is the strong stabilizer for carpo metacarpal articulation. During break, the break segments reposition the joint surface. This in bend causes disruption hence it known as break disruption. The mechanism of hurt is direct blow on partly flexed pollex whilst the participant tries to undertake an opposition. Failure to handle can take to disablement through hold in pinching, bitching and resistance motion of pollex. ( Priano SV, Baratz ME, 2008 )Rolando ‘s Fracture:It is same as Bennett ‘s break with comminuted break at the base of first metacarpal. It is besides called three portion break. There will be in Y or T shaped intra articular break at base of metacarpal. The three shred break parts are base of dorsal metacarpal, bovine spongiform encephalitis of palmar metacarpal and shaft of metacarpal. This break is non common but the forecast is worst than Bennett ‘s break. Mechanism of hurt is increased axial tenseness to the partly flexed pollex, which burst and interrupt the articular surface of first metacarpal. ( Priano, Baratz, 2008 )Fracture of thumb phalanges:The pollex has two phalanges ; distal and proximal phalanx. The most common site of break in pollex phalanges is shaft and caput. The break of distal phalanx divided into intra articular and excess articular break. The excess articular bunch break, normally accompanied with soft tissue hurts like loss of soft tissue, hurt to nail bed and posttraumatic neuromas. Mechanism of hurt is due to direct blow or direct hit. Intra articular break is due to avulsion hurt of the sinew. There are two types of intra articular breaks viz. , mallet break and New Jersey break. Avulsion of extensor sinew is mallet break and flexor digitorum profundus is jersey break. Proximal phalanx breaks are common in phalangeal caput and shaft. ( Laub, Priano, 2008 ) .Ulnar indirect hurtThe ulnar indirect ligament of metacarpophalangeal articulation injured due to the forceful abduction of metacarpophalangeal articulation. There will be partial or full tear of the ligament associated with avulsion break of palmar base of proximal phalanx. ( Le ggit, Meko 2006 ) . In uncomplete rupture, proper ulnar collateral ligament ruptures but the accessary ulnar collateral ligament still integral. In complete rupture, there will be complete rupture of both the proper collateral ligament and accessary indirect ligament. The ulnar indirect ligament normally ruptures from the interpolation of the distal portion, over the proximal phalanx base ( Donald, 2008 ) . When, the distal portion lies superficial and proximal to adductor apponeurosis. This fluctuation called as a Stener lesion. The discrepancy does non mend due to the interjection of the adductor aponeurosis between distal and proximal ligament terminals ( Donald, 2008 ) . ‘Gamekeepers suffered chronic hurt due to contorting the cervixs of game between their pollex and index finger ‘ ( Foye, et al 2007 ) . Hence, it besides called game warden ‘s pollex. It is besides common in athleticss people who play with ball ( rugger, baseball ) . Presence of swelling and contusing on the joint with the thumb hyper extended and deviated laterally. Painful over the ulnar portion of MCP articulation associated with decreased ability of appreciation and pinching ( Foye PM, Raanan J, Stitik TP, 2007 ) . After the exclusion of break, estimate the ligament stabilisation by giving antagonistic force per unit area to one side and using abduction force per unit area to the other side of UCL. Evaluate with uninjured manus ( Donald, 2008 ) .Mallet pollexAvulsion of the extensor sinew causes the pollex to be fixed in partial flexure with the presence of cadaverous fragment. This avulsion occurs due to the high impact flexure of the interphalangeal articulati on. Tendon break will be present in unfastened mallet pollex caused by laceration ( Leggit, Meko, 2006 ) . Closed mallet thumb hurt is non common. The mechanism of closed mallet hurt is indirect to an acute forceful flexure of IP articulation of the pollex ( Donald, 2008 ) .Dislocation of interphalangeal articulation of pollexThe primary motion of interphalangeal articulation is flexure and extension, because interphalangeal joint maps as flexible joint articulation. Interphalangeal joint stableness to ulnar and radial force maintained by collateral and accessary indirect ligament associated with the trochlear form of the joint. A thick hempen gristle known as palmar home base supports the palmar facet of the joint. The palmar home base at interphalangeal articulation has a individual sesamoid in it ; which increase the mechanical advantage of flexor pollicis longus. Freedom in flexure and extension of interphalageal articulation is render by a flexible capsule present dorsally and volarly. The disruption of interphalangeal is uncommon. It occurs largely in dorsal. The mechanism of hurt is hyperextension with rotary motion ( Glickel et al, 2005 ) . The disruption is hard to cut down due to the ruptured palmar home base caparison ( Leggit, Meko, 2006 ) .Dislocation of Metacarpal phalange articulation of pollexPalmar disruption is less common than dorsal disruption. Palmar disruption normally accompanied by the rupture of indirect ligament with hurt to sesamoid bone. The ability to cut down is more palmar than dorsal disruption. The mechanism of hurt in dorsal disruption is hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal articulation, secondary to the autumn on stretched manus over the floor or direct impact over the thumb tip. In the disruption to the dorsal, normally there will be rupturing of palmar home base at proximal and motion at distal. The disruption is irreducible due interjection of palmar home base within the joint ( Glickel et al, 2005 ) .MECHANISM OF THUMB INJURY IN RUGBYTo develop preventative programs, it is of import to hold a good apprehension of the mechanism of hurt ( Gibbs, 1994 ) . The considerable scope of organic structure contact and hit between the participants were the ground behind the hurts in rugger ( Pringle, et Al, 1998 ) . Most of the hurts occur due to physical hit ; hence, bar of hurts is non possible to certain grade. The chief mechanism of most hurts is due to undertaking, which is the of import portion of rugger lucifer. Researches had done to the per centum of hurts in undertaking ; the per centum scope from 38.2 % ( Gabbett, 2003 ) and 77.2 % ( Nortan, et Al, 1995 ) . ‘Results are assorted sing the facet of the tackle doing hurt, with some writers happening more hurts happening to the participant tackled and others to the participant being tackled ‘ ( Hoskins, et Al, 2006, p 49 ) . The playing season have been affected by weariness hurts and repeated micro-trauma, which has an accumulative consequence. The certification of increasing hurt ratio states that as the patterned advance of season, the hurt degree additions, largely in the 2nd half of the season at non-professional ( Gabbett, 2000 ) and semi-professional degree ( Gabbett, 2003 and 04 ) . ‘Gabbett put this correlativity down to an addition in match strength towards finals. It could besides be the consequence or participants transporting hurts that have non to the full resolved ‘ ( Hoskins, et Al, 2006, p 52 ) In thumb most of the hurts occur during the lucifer than in preparation period. Thumb break may happen due to the forceful backward bending. Fracture of phalanges of pollex may happen when pluging a solid object or catching a ball, when the ball forces the thumb backward. During undertaking the opposition participant may nail the pollex by chance. There may be complete or partial tear of the ligaments that stabilizes the pollex articulation ( The doctor and athleticss medical specialty, 1997 ) .TREATMENT FOR THUMB INJURIESSoft TISSUE INJURIESIn soft tissue hurts, immobilisation of thumb articulation is appropriate for partial tear. Splints and patchs used for the immobilisation of the joint. Immobilizations maintained until the hurt heals. After three hebdomads of immobilisation, take the splints for making exercisings like flexure and extension with the aid of pollex. Set back the splints after the exercising, for the protection. Repeat this undertaking for two to three hebdomads, u ntil the swelling and tenderness reduces to certain scope. Apply ice over the hurt for two to three yearss after the hurt. In complete tear, surgery is the appropriate intervention. Avulsion break may happen during complete tear. After surgery, immobilisation done with short-arm dramatis personae or splint to protect the pollex, for six to eight hebdomads ( Sports scientific discipline orthopedic clinic, 2009 ) .Rehabilitation for soft tissue hurt of pollexProper rehabilitation is highly of import for soft tissue hurt. Because for a rugger participant, the one and merely focal point is acquiring back to full strength every bit shortly as possible ; So that they can return to developing and competition. Rest – Rest is most of import in the acute stage of hurt. Do non put to death an activity that causes hurting. Ice – Application of ice or cold battalion will cut down the redness. Apply over the pollex for 15 to 20 proceedingss ; go on this for 4 times a twenty-four hours. Medication – Take anodynes to cut down hurting and redness. Compression- Compressing the pollex with elastic compaction patch helps in cut downing the puffiness and stabilizes the pollex. Stretching – Gentle stretching should get down after the acute stage. Perform stretching in hurting free scope. Keep the stretch for 10 seconds with six repeats ( Sports scientific discipline orthopedic clinic, 2009 ) .FRACTURES OF THUMBPre infirmary attentionApplication of ice to the injured portion will cut down redness. Splinting may avoid motions whilst going to infirmary. The break will go unstable and hard to handle if there is hold in intervention. Prior to the definite intervention the pollex should splinted with tablet to avoid farther harm to the fractured bone.Emergency section attentionThumb breaks are intervened by surgeries. The specializers like manus or orthopedic sawbones make the determination for surgery. The boney alliance will restored by several operative arrested development techniques done by the manus sawbones. This arrested development holds the bone in topographic point until they heal. The internal arrested developments usually used for thumb break are wire, pins, home bases and prison guards. Another method called external arrested development, where the pins in the bone comes out of the tegument and attached to an external arrested development device. The pollex would immobilise with pollex Spica splint for all hurts in pollex ( American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and American Society for Surgery of the Hand, 2003 ) . Well-molded functional brace ( glove type or short arm pollex Spica ) have applied for 4 to 6 hebdomads ( Demirel, 2006 ) .Rehabilitation for thumb breakOutpatient therapy is required for the participants who have sustained break. Duration of intervention depends upon the location, type of break and continuance of immobilisation. The rehabilitation must be furnished depends upon the stableness of the break and direction of the break, whether it is operative or non-operative. The grade of disablement will be act uponing by the forbearance ‘s manus laterality and involved appendage. Restoring full scope of gesture and independency in day-to-day activities with strength will be the premier focal point of rehabilitation ( Hriticko, 1998 ) . To diminish the hurting and restore map is the primary end of rehabilitation. Ice therapy and cold battalions may be utile in cut downing the hurting. If the dominant pollex had been involved, particular attention would given to reconstruct the map of uninvolved fingers. After the remotion of plaster dramatis personae, the healer will get down scope of gesture exercising and strengthening exercising for the fractured pollex. A particular attending should give to intrinsic and extrinsic musculuss of manus ( Feehan, 2004 ) . Full scope of gesture should stress on the injured pollex. Progression in exercising should accomplish after the full map attained ( Krop, 2002 ) .REHABILITATION EXERCISE FOR THUMBThe recovery and possibilities of re-injury is depends upon the restitution and increasing original scope of gesture of the injured pollex articulation. In rugger and in other athleticss and many athleticss activities expose the pollex to injury. Re-injury is uncommon if one time the pollex was injured. This exercising is utile to forestall the hurts in both the pollex ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) . Thumb Extension This exercising would execute in sitting place on chair. The cubitus of the injured side placed over the thigh of the same side. Flex the cubitus at right-angled and fingers are extended. The index of opposite manus should hold on the injured pollex. Draw back the injured pollex gently. The motion would be in pain free scope, halt the motion if hurting exists. Maintain the stretch for 10 seconds and give remainder for 10 seconds. Repeat this exercising for five proceedingss, thrice a twenty-four hours. Notice the patterned advance in scope of motion in each twenty-four hours, the injured pollex draws back a spot farther ( Sports scientific discipline orthopedic clinic, 2009 ) . Thumb Flexion This exercising would execute in sitting place on chair. The cubitus of the injured side placed over the thigh of the same side. Flex the cubitus at right-angled and fingers are extended. Flex the injured pollex inward, touch the base of small finger of the same manus with the tip of the injured pollex. Make this activity in hurting free scope. Keep the place for 10 seconds and loosen up it for 5 seconds. Repeat this activity for 10 times for thrice a twenty-four hours. Progressions in the scope of motion would noticeable in each twenty-four hours. The pollex of injured pollex will touch the base of small finger of the same side ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) . Hand Grasp This exercising would execute in sitting place on chair. The cubitus of the injured side placed over the thigh of the same side. The cubitus is flexed right-angled hold oning ball in the manus. Keep the ball in thenar of the manus and attempt to squash it with the aid of pollex and fingers. Maintain the squeeze for 10 seconds and loosen up the pollex for 5 seconds. Repeat the sequence for 10 times, thrice a twenty-four hours ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) . Alternate Exercises When the rehabilitation exercisings are contraindicated n ague phase, this alternate exercisings may be used. This alternate exercisings, does non necessitate any motion in the injured pollex, which aggravates the hurting in the injured pollex. The alternate exercisings are swimming, jogging, stationary bike ( Sports scientific discipline orthopaedic clinic, 2009 ) .Prevention OF THUMB INJURIES IN RUGBYThumb hurts in rugger are hard to forestall due to the contact and aggressive manner of the athletics. Many hurts are acute and traumatic in nature. The lone manner to forestall thumb hurts by guaranting correct warm up, cool down, beef uping and flexibleness plans ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) . Warm up exercisings Warm up plays a major function in the bar of hurts. Warm will besides assist in bettering the public presentation in the athleticss. The advantages of warming up are: Additions musculus temperature. Additions blood supply and O supply to the musculuss. Increases the scope of motions in the articulation of pollex, therefore cut down the hazard of musculus and ligament tear ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) . Warm up should incorporate: There should be increase in pulse scope for 10 proceedingss to increase the blood and O supply to the musculuss. This can accomplish by making active and inactive motions of the pollex. The motions like flexure, extension and abduction, adduction and rotary motion of the pollex articulation have to execute. Proper stretching technique ensures increase in the scope of motion in the pollex articulation ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) . Cool down exercisings Cool down is resting or puting down. It can assist in cut downing the hazard of hurt and increase the public presentation. The advantage of chilling down is: Decrease the bosom rate bit by bit. Restore the blood supply and O supply to the musculuss to the phase were in before exercising. Wash out the waste merchandises in the musculuss like lactic acid. Decrease in the hazard of musculus tenderness ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) .. Sports massage Regular athleticss massage favours in washout the waste merchandises like lactic acid from musculuss and tight knots, balls in the musculuss can let go of. Hence, if untreated causes strain and tear to the musculuss of pollex ( Sports hurt clinic, 2009 ) ..Protective equipments A assortment of protective equipment and vesture are available specific to the athletics of rugger. Many companies are involved in the design and production of protective equipments. Even though there are many advantages of the equipment, contention still exits ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Straping and taping Leuko strap- Strapping plays a major function in back uping the articulations during the unsmooth athleticss activities. It even provides compaction, support and rational control to stabilise the injured articulation and ligaments of pollex. It restricts the joint scope of gestures beyond its scope. In which, hurt would be prevented in thumb articulation ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Long drama support- Wraps gives uninterrupted support to the joint through out the drama. It is made of elastic and cross nylon fibers. It gives excess strength and controlled compaction to the articulations ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Advantages Protect the recent hurt. Braces can non model to suit a peculiar articulation than a tape is able to cover ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Practical guidelines A trained individual should use taping Apply tape after the professional probe. Avoid tapping in hapless blood circulation. Check for allergic reactions in skin prior to tapping. Straping should execute in clean and dry country. Avoid strapping over unfastened lesion ( Gerrard, 1998 ) . Braces Long drama support braces- it keeps the pollex joint warm and keep proper circulation. It minimizes the opportunity of hurt and prevents supplanting of articulations. Support brace provides stableness to the pollex articulation. Advantages It is inexpensive and less clip devouring to use. Support the ligament and articulation of the pollex. Players feel comfy to have on ( Albright, et al,1995 ) .

How successfully does Alan Ayckbourn slice into the soul of surburbia in Absurd Person Singular?

I feel Ayckbourn does it extremely well, as he takes three very different couples with very different lives and compares and contrasts them to give the everyday people and situations we come across in our own lives. The characters in this play become more familiar as it develops and people like Marion who has a 2 faced personality becomes recognisable with people in your life. She begins complimenting Jane and Sidney on their kitchen by saying sweet things such as â€Å"what a simply dishy kitchen† but when Jane and Sidney cannot see her she turns to her husband Ronald and claims the house is â€Å"loathsome† and demands her husband to take her home in â€Å"5 minutes† However Jane and Sidney fell everything is going wonderfully, as they have only invited these particular guests, to help them in the future. Sidney says to Ronald â€Å"I hope you've been giving a little bit of thought to our chat if you had a moment† Ronald is a bank manager and Sidney wants him to help him out a bit with loans. Then there is Geoff, who is married to Eva. Not that his marriage should mean anything as he constantly cheats on Eva and doesn't care if she does or doesn't know. Also he speaks openly about his filthy obsession. He describes one of his conquests as an â€Å"absolute little cracker†. His disloyalty unveils his shallow self but also reveals the reason for Eva's pain which has led to depression. As Ayckbourn â€Å"slices† through each character, we can see they are all pretending be something and they all appear to concerned with themselves, except Eva she doesn't act differently to her self or hide her problems, which is clear when she says to Sidney on the subject of her pills † they prevent me from turning into a raving lunatic†. Ayckbourn goes deeper to see her reasons for depression instead of trying to reveal a fake intention, which is what the others posses. * * * * In Act 2 the characters are slowly developing. This time the Christmas party is being held at Geoff and Eva's and it appears they aren't in the best of spirits as Geoff has just told Eva he's leaving her for another woman, this is seen when he says â€Å"Sally and I will probably get somewhere else together† these words are harsh and blunt and have turned Eva mute. When the guests finally arrive, Eva has decided to commit suicide, she begins to gas herself by placing her head in the oven, when Jane walks in and believes she's cleaning the oven and volunteers to do it herself and says â€Å"don't you worry about the oven†¦I must clean that oven if it kills me† Eva, upset that her plan has failed then attempts to overdose herself but accidentally drops the pills down the plug hole. Whilst trying to capture them, Sidney enters and thinks she's trying to unblock it and says â€Å"you'll never get a sink unblocked that way† then gets his tools kit and begins to ‘fix' it. This creates a black humour as Eva's situation is becoming more desperate as people keep interfering even though they believe they are helping but its also quite sad because it shows how little they know about each other as they can't even see Eva is suffering from serious depression. You can also see how involved they are with themselves and are completely oblivious to the fact that Eva is desperate to kill herself. There is a dramatic irony as Ronald sets about a routine repair of fixing a light bulb but Eva's condition is anything but routine. We become more and more sympathetic with Eva as she feels without Geoff she cannot live or his dismissal has led her to suicide but with Geoff we despise as he plays with Eva trying to twist things on to her by saying such things as â€Å"if your blaming yourself don't† which seems he thinks she should be and he also claims â€Å"other men don't have this trouble† when talking about his cheating as if it were some illness and deserves sympathy for it. As Eva continues to ignore him his impatience grows until he speaks of previous violence such as â€Å"I'm going to lose my temper. And we know what happens then don't we. I'll take a swing for you† his patronising and angry tone is almost creepy and furthers are hate for him. Throughout it all, Eva's many suicide attempts, Ronalds electrocution when changing the light bulb and Sidney drying himself from being soaked in dirty water while fixing the pipes. Is slightly over the top but that adds more comedy but the symapathy for Eva is still there as she is still suffering and suspension is created of what will become of the Brewster-wrights marriage as tension is created when Marion says â€Å"You'd never think it but he was a really vital young man, Eva you'd never think it to look at him† maybe claiming she is no longer attracted to him.

International Marketing Environment

International Marketing Environment Alfredo Carmona Prof. Simone Farrar Marketing 320 February 3, 20 In today’s fierce market it is important for corporations to go global. This isn’t an easy task as it takes a lot of careful planning and research in order to be successful at an international level. The competition can come from local companies to others looking to also expand into worldwide markets. This is why it is so important for a company to analyze this new market and familiarize themselves with them. This can lead to product changes, marketing changes even product name changes once all is taken into consideration.The research process can be lengthy and costly but will ultimately lead to the success of a corporation planning to do business abroad. The marketing process is very important for a company’s success. It must be implemented and planned accordingly for each market. The marketing process consists of four stages. The first stage is the analysis. In this stage data is collected and analyzed on the target market. The characteristics and behaviors of this group are very important. These characteristics are summarized using the eight O’s.The first of the eight O’s is occupants which is the market the company intends to target. Occupants will categorize the target market based on demographics, geography, psychographics and product related variables. These categorizations help the marketers break down large markets into much smaller workable groups. The next of the eight O’s is objects. This describes the service or product that will be used to satisfy the target markets needs Occasions is the third of the eight O’s. This characterizes the moment and time that these customers consume or purchase the product or service.The fourth of the O’s is objectives. Objectives are the motives that create the need for your product or service. The fifth of the O’s is outlets. Outlets are the places or way s a service and product are made available to the target market. This would include stores, websites etc. Organization is the way a buying or acceptance of the idea or service takes place. This will help the marketer understand how the need is created and the purchase is executed (Muhlbacher, Leihs & Dahringer, 2006). The seventh of the eight O’s is operations. Operations represent a firms buying of products and services.This includes analyzing how difficult a company’s product or service will be to break through the market. The last of the eight O’s is opposition. This is where the competition will be analyzed. Any other company that offers a satisfaction for the same need is considered competition. Once the eight O’s have been analyzed a firm will have a better understanding of the needs of their market, how to satisfy these needs and the best way to stay ahead of its competition. A firm that is going global must also plan accordingly to foreign policie s regarding imports and exports.The government has played a large role in international business. Some nations have strict restrictions and other forms of limitations regarding foreign products and services. The government uses forms of import controls in order to stabilize their countries economic state. Tariffs place a tax on imports and raise the price of these imported products. Quota systems are also used by the government. Quota systems are used to reduce the volume of imports accepted by a country (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2010). These regulations can have a big impact companies looking to break into the foreign markets.The government can also be even stricter and impact the global market more by boycotting business from certain nations. This is a strict plan where a country refuses to do business with another nation. This can lead to inflation of prices and other major changes to the international trade market. Nations governments have a played a big role in international busin ess. Sometimes their role is in the best interest of their governing nations. Other times the restrictions are purely political hurting both their countries consumers and foreign based companies doing business in those countries.A company must analyze and incorporate the economic state of the nation they plan on doing business with. The economic state of a nation tells much about it. The physical quality of life is a composite measure of the level of welfare in a country (Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2010). This analysis is important as these relate directly to countries wellbeing and how your product or service will be effective in that respected country. Those nations with poor economic growth and high levels of poverty would not be candidates for an expansion of luxury line of cars.However this nation might be the perfect setting for a cell phone company as the need for communications is at all-time high for developing nations. A firm that decides to invest in a foreign market is taking a risk. Any company planning on going global must understand that entering a foreign market comes with many risks and challenges. If any of the planning has flaws, a financial loss could be the end result. A company needs to analyze the risk and understand if they can afford the financial loss should their venture be unsuccessful. Success may also take time to occur.A company must comprehend that positive results can take time to come about. The large investment that is needed at first to fund the planning can take time to recoup but ultimately lead to the company’s success. Czinkota, M. R. , & Ronkainen, I. A. (2010). International marketing. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Muhlbacher, H. , Leihs, H. , & Dahringer, L. (2006). International marketing a global perspective. (3rd ed. ). London, England: Thomson Publishing Company. Shaming, Z. , & Huifen, H. (2011). International marketing: Emerging markets. (Vol. 21). Wagon Lane, England: Emerald Group Publishing.

The Modern Condition and The Artist's Response Essay

The Modern Condition and The Artist's Response - Essay Example In Modern Art 1851-1929 the author, Richard Brettell, says that an obvious but unmediated way that the artist represented the change of their time is by the subject of their work. By painting modern inventions, such as the Eiffel Tower or a lunch at a new cafe in downtown Paris, the artists was recording modernity. Because one abject can be represented in many ways it helps us analyze how the artists felt about the subject. For example, images of the "most important single achievements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries", or the modern city, were very popular subjects. For the purpose of this essay, we will look at how the question of Marxism and the answer of capitalism - and the results from the debate - have slowly transformed society up until this point, affecting and changing social class and consciousness over time and how these changes have been reflected in art forms. Marxism as a whole spurred the onslaught of a different sociological vehicle for governing the masses, a vehicle which contradicted the arguably excessive range of capitalism and what it stood for. By definition then this conflict reflected in art and how the psyche of the collective human race responded to either one or the other. Blamires stated that Marxists saw the chief evil to be eradicated as being the oppression by the capitalists and their allies of the working class (Blamires, pp. 404). Marxism advocated the administration and equalizing of society - all are equal - but failed to take into account the general urge of individuality as experienced by every human being. Due to the competitive and adaptive nature of capitalism, with its emphasis on individuality and the rights of every human, Marxist philosophy and strictures were revealed to be too oppressive, in a grand gesture of irony; human beings desired freedom and unique expression, and a system that regulated and repr essed anything that promoted defiance was seen as limiting and unnecessary. Expressing the notion of change, even gradual, was an easy task for the painters and artists of the transitional times between Marxism/communism and capitalism. Painting life and people in current situations was a means of expressing identification, for self and others. Examples of such works would include Manet's 'Un bar aux Folies-Bergre' (The Bar at the Folies-Bergre) or 'Masked Ball at the Opera'. These images depict a changing time and most notably, a gathering of people and a celebration of life in its individualized freedom. By definition then, these paintings can be seen as symbolic of free will and its execution, in rebellion against oppression and repression as defined by the anti-liberal motion of the Marxist embodiment of social norms. Capitalism in itself is not an absolute expression of individuality. There are still classes and regulatory boundaries, but these are more manageable. As Abrams stated, "the older usage of the term 'capitalism' no longer describes the system as it presently functions". This is implied in other forms of art, such as sculpture and architecture. Because of the individualist drive of competitiveness and self-expression as engendered by capitalism, inter-people conflicts based on viewpoints and opinion become a definite occurrence, and are expressed in art forms

Why Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized - Essay Example The arguments of Nathan were actually appropriately substantiated and credible due to his medical background. Therefore, his expertise on the profound effects of marijuana is validated. In fact, he confirmed that â€Å"I am also a physician who understands that the negative legal consequences of marijuana use are far worse than the medical consequences† (Nathan par. 2). But despite the obvious negative effects, it was deemed more advantageous to promote for its legalization given the following reasons: (1) at the current status of marijuana still being considered prohibited by law; there apparently continues continued trade and sale which apparently contributes to vagrant criminal activities through illicit drug use and trade; (2) the continued popularity of marijuana leads to â€Å"the potential for adulteration of black-market cannabis and the substitution of even more dangerous copycat compounds† (Nathan par. 9); (3) as emphasized, â€Å"natural marijuana poses much less danger than synthetic cannabinoids -- legal or otherwise† (Nathan par. 9). His arguments are therefore worth reflecting.

TRANSFER STUDENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TRANSFER STUDENTS - Essay Example In response to the opportunities to learning and exploration, I look forward to actively participate in every activity offered in the school that is related to Software Engineering. I believe that experiencing the theories taught in school will enhance my understanding and might even help me to discover other things. Moreover, working with other students will be a means of sharing what they understood and could be a way of verifying what is not clear during class discussions. Watching is an easier and more interactive way of learning than just reading and listening to lectures so it is my aim to learn as much as I can from hands on experiences by actively engaging myself with the activities. Research is another field that could be interesting to learn from as it challenges individuals to think critically. Doing research with the faculty will not only open me to educational experiences but will also encourage me to share what I have in mind. This is an opportunity that I see could always drive me to study harder, learn and think

Summary of text reading week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary of text reading week 3 - Essay Example Immanence and transcendence are concepts that cross various attributes or perfections of God, where two such attributes are goodness and greatness. Immanence is God’s presence and activity within nature, human nature, and history (Erickson p 329). Transcendence is God’s separation from and independence of nature and humanity (Erickson p 338). To over-emphasize immanence would lead to a concept of loss of an active God, or pantheism, they believe God could not have existed before the natural order. To over-emphasize transcendence could lead to deism, where God has no role in humanity. To catalog all the perfections of God would be impossible because, God is above total understanding. Soren Kiekegaard’s view stated in Erickson’s text on page 341: â€Å"God and humans are of a different kind, we cannot reach God by adding more information or works God is God.† However, Ryrie does name a few of God’s perfections in his text. God’s greatness can be seen in His creation; also His greatness is seen in the resurrection of Christ Jesus from the dead. The word omnipotence describes God’s greatness. Omnipotence does not mean that God could always do anything against His nature, for instance God could never sin, lie or deny Himself. The perfection of goodness is another attribute of God. God’s goodness can be described as the ultimate source of all that is good. Swindoll describes on page 187: â€Å"the goodness of God is particularly featured in His Son Jesus who identified Himself as the good Shepherd.† (John 10:11, 14). Two of God’s perfections as described by Ryrie are eternity and infinity. Eternity as described by Ryrie is God existing backward and forward without interruption (Ryrie p 41). Infinity described by Ryrie means God is in no way limited by the universe or limits of time-space. God’s perfection of omnipresence means that God is present everywhere with His whole being at all

Strengths and Weaknesses of Structural Realism Essay

Strengths and Weaknesses of Structural Realism - Essay Example In midst of such scenario and global order, numbers of variables are drawn as metric of power. These include the economic dependency of others, the military might and strategic influence enactment. The absence of humane sentiment: The fact the world order is established on the principles of military and political might makes the theory the best recipe for present day circumstances. A nation without any stronger military force or any stronger armament unit would stand no chance in the battles and wars enforced. The case of cold war may stand as an example where the military alliances and other aggressive alliances came into existence on the account of the fact that the countries were stronger. A nation with greater say in context of military saying made it more suitable a choice for becoming an ally in the Cold war scenario which had split the world in to two distinct poles. This theory enables the nations considering the fact that the best way to establish a say and have dominance is through military and other facets strengthening. It allows for clear definition and demarcation of the means of possession that are essential. It supports its claims based on the events that took place in the Cold war that lasted for over five decades. This enables equipping oneself to the required level of defense and the subsequent budget that is needed for this purpose. Nationalism is one of the most powerful force that brings the people together. The theory in place brings the people alive through the spirit and concept of nationalism. It brings their patriotic sentiments out of them making for a strong shield against any outside offensive and counter alliance that may be in place at given time period. The theory is crafted in a way that would provide little regard to the sentiments and humane element, rather the order of the day is built along the lines of survival of the fittest and struggle for

Heroes and Celebrities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heroes and Celebrities - Research Paper Example Celebrities on the other hand are renowned popular personalities from the entertainment, sports, social or political origin usually with professional mission – who have essentially mesmerized the common mass with extensive fan-following through media publicity, sensational enterprising which at times may have positive significance or mere dramatic impression on the community. Heroes play an essential and pivotal role shaping and developing the lives of the common mass to aspire and inspire them to the esteemed goal. However in the present scenario with the advent of the globalization, fast lifestyle and rate-race, the differentiation between the terminologies ‘heroes’ and ‘celebrities’ is often forgotten and overlapping. In this current era of ‘reality TV shows’ like Survivor, The Amazing Race, American Idol, The Swan, Extreme Makeover, Big Brother etc. with the creation of instant celebrity status and even at times infamy hypes – the cult celebrity worship has almost become synonymous to heroic aspirations. In this context the common population in the recent times have become more prone to ‘herd response’ whereby an enormous group of people react in the specific direction the media broadcasts and advertisements would attract and appeal them to through enchantment of glitz-glamour, monetary-allur ement or dream-fascination. The traditional beliefs in regards to celebrity establishment and hero-worshipping are getting fundamentally transformed from the very foundation with the presence of luck fortune and at times prosperity, the common people are gaining the celebrity prominence and becoming the social icon almost overnight, especially in shows like the American Idol, The Swan, Extreme Makeover and the like. With the introduction of cosmetic surgery and hi-tech beautification methodologies within the reach of the common contestants till that time as in the

Expanding your business to China Essay Example for Free

Expanding your business to China Essay There are many advantages to expanding your business to China. Not only is China considered one of the largest economies in the world, it also has a vast emerging market that is still growing (Startup Overseas). Although China has embraced many Western Business ethics and practices, there are still numerous cross-cultural differences that can make it difficult to succeed without sufficient research and knowledge of the culture. Examples of these cross cultural differences include the Chinese’ attitude toward work and workplace, the labor laws, and how Chinese businesses collaborate with other organizations. More differences include how we market and sell a product, and how pricing differs between our two countries. Perhaps the most important differences are those of ethical positions, such as child labor and sexism. A Chinese worker’s attitude toward the job and the workplace depends on what position they have in an organization. China is considered a collectivist society, which means the majority of people within the society act in the interests of the group and not necessarily themselves (Geert Hofstede, 2010). The United States is considered an individualistic society and emphasizes the importance of the individual. This also applies to the way these countries do business. A collectivist business may have a team of workers contributing to satisfy all the customers, whereas an individualistic business may have several individual representatives who each have their own client list. Another difference in the workplace is how large an organization’s Power Distance is. Power distance is the acceptance that all individuals in the society are not equal (Geert Hofstede, 2010). China has a very large power distance, which means its’ workers accept the fact that there is a hierarchy within the organization, and they know their place within that organization. They expect power within the business to be distributed unequally. The United States has a lower Power Distance acceptance, which means that workers don’t accept that power is distributed unequally within the organization, and they expect to be treated as equals to even the people in the highest positions of the business. The Chinese also accept that decision making comes from the top, whereas in the U.S., everyone wants their suggestion and opinion to be heard, and they do not always accept decisions that are made within the organization. The  differences between Chinese and U.S. labor laws are subtle, but still worth mentioning. In China, a normal working week is 44 hours, with a maximum of 48 hours (only 4 hours of overtime is allotted). In the U.S., a normal working week is 40 hours, with overtime paid on any hours worked over that 40. Maternity leave is up to 3 months paid in China. In the U.S., Maternity leave is up to 12 months unpaid (at the company’s discretion). Surprisingly, women in China make 80.5% of what men in the same position make, whereas in the U.S., women only make 70% of what men make in the same position (Guo). In China, businesses tend to put an emphasis on personal relationships between business partners. An initial business meeting will consist of getting to know the personality and lifestyles of the one you are entering into a relationship with (Graf). Chinese business owners will want a loyal friendship when considering associations. This system of social networks and influential relationships that facilitate business and other dealings is called guanxi (Mah, 2012). In the United States, owners of a business as well as the workers within that organization strive to keep their personal and professional lives different. Though some partners end up being friends, and many workers build friendships outside of the workplace, it is not the intention at the start of a business relationship. Gift giving is also a large cultural difference. In the United States, if a gift is given at the start of a business meeting, or the start of an association, it can be seen as bribery or a way to make businesses feel obligated in working together. Chinese organizations are much more accepting of gifts although certain etiquettes must be followed in order for the gift to be given in good faith (Culture Crossing Guide). For example, gifts must be nicely wrapped and may not be opened right away unless prompted to do so. Also, do not give any gifts such as clocks, flowers, or cutting instruments as it is considered disrespectful. Negotiation style is a major difference between the United States and China. In China, social context, personal relations, and non-verbal behavior are very important in negotiation. There are usually many people from the  company who attend the meeting to discuss any topics that need negotiation. Americans value legal contracts and documents over personal relationships, and do not put as much stock in body language. American businesses usually only send one or two people do the negotiating on behalf of the entire company. For the purposes of this paper, let us assume that an American Company has seen great success with its toy product. This company is looking to expand its business to China. There is usually a demand for toys in any country and in China, 17.1% (roughly 223 million) of the nation’s population is under 14 years old (Central Intelligence Agency). Research also shows that the total retail sales of toys in China have increased by 14.2% since 2010 (HKTDC Research, 2014). The Design of this toy would have to be carefully rethought, particularly if it is a doll or Barbie type toy. The doll would have to be remanufactured to suit the needs of the children in China. Skin Color, Clothing, and accessories would all need to be redesigned. For example, although most girl-intended American Dolls wear pink, pink is considered a gender-neutral color in China. The color white is also associated with death and mourning, so any â€Å"wedding dress† dolls would need to be recolored to the traditional Chinese color of red (KaiWen, 2010). The clothing of the doll would probably have to become more modest. In looking at Chinese dolls, most are dressed in Geisha style robes. The United States dolls tend to show more â€Å"skin.† The packaging of the doll would also have to be translated to Chinese. The company would also need to avoid any symbolism that might offend Chinese parents or even the government, such as any American paraphernalia, like the flag, or anything with a religious context, like a cross. Imagine the price of this toy is $5.00. The value of a $1.00 is equal to 117.78 ( ¥). That would mean that the exchange rate on the toy would be $588.90. But with the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) factor, we know that China’s market exchange rate is .6 (World Bank, International Comparison Program Database, 2014). This means that China would actually pay 60% of what the United States would pay for the toy. The price of the toy would be  353.34  ¥. This price could be adjusted depending on competition in the Chinese market. The American company would also need to increase the price based on exporting costs. A sale price, or discounted price, in China is also different from what a sale price would be considered in the United States. In the U.S., if a product is on sale, the advertisement might say â€Å"10% off.† In China, they advertise the percentage of the price that you would pay for, in this example â€Å"90%† (Tyson, 2014). Good times for sales would be around National Chinese Holidays, such as the Chinese New Year (Spring Festival), May Day, or the Mid-Autumn Festival. Several sales channels can be used to promote a product in China. Traditional avenues include major shopping centers, specialty stores, and franchise chains. There is also the internet platform and many sites such as Amazon or Baby.tmall.com. One of the best ways to break into the toy market in China is to have the toy include educational or technological aspects. This would help broaden the available channels of the toys to include museums, zoos, and electronic stores. This is very different from the United States, who tends to promote and market to the different genders. Most American toys are either for girls or for boys; there aren’t very many gender-neutral toys. Just like in the United States, China has import and trade regulations. Some of these regulations include import inspection (Regulations for the Administration of Inspection of Toy Imports and Exports), attention to the potential danger of toys, China Compulsory Certification (CCC), and standards such as plush toy fillings should be even and of an appropriate softness with no hard objects inside. It is also worth noting the Standardization Law of the People’s Republic of China, where four levels of standards are stipulated: national standards, industry standards, local standards, and enterprise standards. This company will have to adhere to all of these standard and regulations in order to export the toys from the United States to China. Another option for the company would be to open a factory in China, or use a preexisting Chinese toy factory to manufacture the toys and sell / distribute locally. In order to reach the more rural  areas of China, this company might consider making a deal with a Chinese company that already distributes to those small towns and rural areas. If this company does decide to open a factory in China, or utilize a preexisting factory, it will have to deal with ethical issues such as child labor, and sexism. Child labor has been a widely controversial issue for many years. The PRC Law on the Protection of Minors was first passed in 1991, and the newly revised Minors Protection Law entered the force in 2007. Many International rights documents have also been implemented by the UN (Library of Congress). Although the child labor conditions have been described as â€Å"improved† in China, there are actually no statistics or documentation to back it up. We still hear reports of Child Labor issues existing in China. As a company looking to do business in China, it is important to set certain standards within the organization that do not support and do penalize child labor. Although women in China make a higher percentage of what men make (80.5%) than what women in American make compared to men (70%), there is still a lot of sexism in the society and the culture of Chinese businesses. For example, women must always greet men first, and it is not acceptable for women to look men in the eye. Women are not allowed in higher or executive positions within the organization. Women are still expected to meet a nice man, get married, have children, and take care of the household. Not to mention the fact that having a son is extremely preferable to having a daughter in most Chinese families. While this behavior would be considered abhorrent (mostly) in Western cultures, foreign businesses may actually benefit from China’s oversight in regards to women. Foreign businesses may hire the talented women for executive positions that Chinese businesses have ignored or cast aside (Harris, 2010). While there are many differences between the Chinese culture and ethics from those of the United States, expanding a business in China can be mutually beneficial and successful. There is a balance between Chinese and American societies and laws that must be found, or all parties may be unhappy. Before growing your business to a foreign country, much research and planning must be done. Or, as the Chinese proverb says, â€Å"if a thing’s worth doing, it’s worth doing well.† Works Cited Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook: China. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html Culture Crossing Guide. (n.d.). China. Retrieved from Culture Crossing Guide: http://guide.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=43 Geert Hofstede, G. J. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill USA. Retrieved from The Hofstede Centre. Graf, R. (n.d.). 10 Major Cultural Differences Between China and the United States. Retrieved from Hubpages: http://hubpages.com/hub/10-Major-Cultural-DifferencesChina-and-the-UnitedStates Guo, B. (n.d.). Chinas Labor Standards: Myths and Realities. Retrieved from academia.edu: http://www.academia.edu/165449/China_s_Labor_Standards_Myths_and_Realities Harris, D. (2010, 12 16). Sexism in Cina. A Good Thing for Foreign Business? Retrieved from China Law Blog: http://www.chinalawblog.com/2010/12/sexism_china_style_a_good_thing_for_foreign_busine ss.html HKTDC Research. (2014, 09 18). Chinas Toy Market. Retrieved from HKTDC Research: http://chinatrade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/China-Consumer-Market/China-s-toymarket/ccm/en/1/1X000000/1X002MRF.htm KaiWen. (2010, 11 09). Ask the Chinese Girl. Retrieved from Blogspot: http://ask-a-chineseguy.blogspot.com/2010/11/colors-in-chinese-culture.html Library of Congress. (n.d.). Childrens Rights: China. Retrieved from Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php Mah, R. (2012, 11 23). Cultural Differences Between America and China. Retrieved from World-Class Business Etiquette: http://www.etiquetteoutreach.com/blog_new-york-etiquetteguide/bid/92662/Cultural-Differences-Between-America-and-China Startup Overseas. (n.d.). Expanding a Business in China. Retrieved from Startup Overseas: http://www.startupoverseas.co.uk/expanding-a-business-in-china# Tyson, K.

roles played by nurses and other professionals in the team

roles played by nurses and other professionals in the team This essay is meant to throw light on the importance of having an inter professional team that would make the service delivery to patients easier. In this essay I will discuss the roles played by nurses and other professionals in the team. The essay will reflect the efficiency of such a team and their work distribution and involvement. I will highlight the ways in which a team of professionals will work together to take proper decisions during emergency situations and tackle them effectively. The essay will also critically evaluate the various concepts of inter professional team work. An interprofessional team is a group of people who have a certain common goals or objectives which drives them to work together by setting aside individual goals. Inter professional team can be defined as a dynamic process involving two or more health care professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising concerted physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating patient care, accomplished through interdependent collaboration, open communication and shared decision-making, and generates value-added patient, organizational and staff outcomes (Xyrichis and Ream 2007). Freeth et al (2005) defined inter professional team work as when two or more professional learn with, from and about each other to improve collaboration and the quality of care. The healthcare sector started showing interest in the interprofessional working during the early 1990. (Institute of Medicine, 1998;ONeil and Pew Health Professions Commission 1998;  Pew Health Professions Commission 1995a,  1995b,  1998). The Association of American Medical Colleges, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing suggested that the graduates must have enough knowledge in interprofessional collaboration (Varkey, Reller, Smith, Ponet, Osborn  , 2006). Varkey et.al (2006) also pointed out that there should be enough cooperation between the various professionals in healthcare field for the success of this profession. But unfortunately this fact is not included in the curriculum of the different medical schools in USA. Inter professional teams are more effective in rehabilitating the patients than individual health care professionals. The number of patients having positive impact by the inter professional service is larger than those by individual service providers. A very strategic role played by nurses is highlighted now. The nursing tutors face the dual challenge of preparing their students enter into nursing profession as well as equip them to cooperate effectively with other health practitioners (Lattuca, 200l;  Newell, 1998). An interprofessional team is working to provide service in a properly planned and systematic manner. In the health care sector inter professional teams are meant to develop groups that works towards efficiently rendering care to the patients. These teams include nurses, doctors, and other health care professionals. For a team to be efficient role clarity to inevitable and this will help them define their own duties and responsibilities avoiding conflicts (West and Markiowicz, 2004). A team essentially will have a team leader who will lead the team and motivate them to render good service working together (Martin and Rogers 2004). A health care team will work effectively if there is stability in the team, this will make the team member in the group work with shared trust and understanding (West and Slater (1996); Gair and Hartery, (2001)). Interprofessional teams are of various types, they include multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary etc. In case of multidisciplinary teams the members are from various teams. These members set their own discipline specific goals and work towards achieving it. But ultimately the result is calculated as the total of all the disciplines (Dean and Geiringer 1990). The position of team members in the team hierarchy will affect the way in which the team functions and how it will render the service (Cotts, 1998). In case of a multidisciplinary team there exist subgroups of doctors, social workers, therapists and also subgroups which had nurses and other junior staff. Her study also unveiled the idea that the different subgroups had different perceptions about the inter professional teams. Inter professional team work is highly essential in operation theatres and intensive and trauma care units. Since these are the emergency units of a hospital the situation of such units cannot be predicted and thus highly challenging. The interprofessional team may have to work highly efficiently and together. There exists a high rate of tension and stress in the team members in such emergency situations. According to McWilliam et al (2003), interprofessional working is a very difficult task for health care professionals. The patients didnt get the full benefit of interprofessional working due to the misunderstanding between the health care professionals regarding the policies and procedures in it. Mistreatment of elders is a serious issue and its growing day by day. It is the responsibility of nurses to identify and prevent such occurrences (Baker Heitkemper, 2005). The nurses have a variety of roles to play in an Inter-professional elder mistreatment team. At present the roles involve screening and assessment, mandatory reporting, direct care, and complaint investigation. Elder mistreatment (EM) is a very complicated issue and can be effectively solved through inter-professional association. Critics like Bion (1961) say that the interprofessional teams fail to focus on the real task they should be doing. The primary tasks for which they have come together is forgotten most of the by the interprofessional teams. Whenever there is an issue the teams to fail to reach at a consensus and they do not take proper decisions on the issue (Strokes 1994). The meetings conducted in order to take decision on the matter are just a waste of time. These assumptions are based on the work group mentality theory. Critics of interprofessional team have questioned the values of the team. It is said that the teams are not well managed and they do not work properly and responsibily. Negotiation theory puts forward the perspective of negotiating the personal and professional goals. (Strauss, 1978) The negotiations by professionals in the health care field have played a critical role in molding the characteristics of an interprofessional team. Loss and change theory reiterates that the health care professionals like doctors and nurses lose their professional identity as they are working in a team, this will lead to developing an improper relationship and improper behavior in the team (Atkins, 1998). Thus it critically points to the inter professional teams in that it wouldnt serve the purpose of forming a team the unhappiness of the team members can lead to inefficient functioning. The increase of cost in hospitals will also result if there is lack of proper communication between the professionals like doctors, nurses and staff and also if they are not coordinated well (Gavett, Drucker, McCrum and Dickinson, 1985). The roles played by nurses in the interprofessional teams are fast evolving. The importance of specialist skills for nurses is now recognized and new role have come up. The Macmillan nurse is an example of such new roles and they possess skills in palliative care and are expected to look after patients with terminal illness. Another group called night practitioners literally run the hospitals at night. They are skilled to assist any department and are sometimes considered better than junior doctors too (Martin Rogers, 2004) While working in an interprofessional team, there is an increased chance of conflict between the team members regarding the superiority in the team. The truth is everyone is equal while working in a team and nobody should themselves subordinate to anyone. But sometimes the nurses and their opinions are ignored in an interprofessional team. Such events makes them reluctant to be a part of such teams (Martin Rogers, 2004). Task shifting is a common practice among the professionals now days (Reeves et.al, 2010). This would help the traditional professionals to relieve of their heavy workload. The nursing practitioners and physician assistants are such roles (Hooker McCaig, 2001). The multiplicative effects model of interprofessional working views it more than the sum of its parts. Here the synergy obtained from such work is described (Leathard, 1994). According to this model, interprofessional working improves the contributions of individual team members and thus will help in the overall development of team. Decision making is an essential in ingradient of all teams; it measures the efficiency of the group. Decision making in case of an interprofessional team also play key role deciding its service delivery process. The usual situation that happens in such teams is the unavailability of proper team leader and also reaching at a common consensus. The decision taken in team has the idea input all the members that needs to driven well in one direction for increasing effectiveness of the work the team does. Most of the important decisions concerning the activities of the team are taken mostly by the Doctors, or the medical staff in an inter professional team in hospitals. Solving important problems and resolving conflicts are the aims of masking decisions (Neil, 1978). There are a few hindrances for nurses to be part of interprofessional teams. The health care sector has shortages or less number of nurses, and those nurses who are available have increased amount of work. As a result of which there is a limitation in case of inter professional support and collaboration (Mckay Crippen, 2008). Another barrier that can be highlighted is the disinterest on the part of other departments to participate and actively involve in the team and work together. The culture and hierarchy of the organization also plays a role in the formation of teams in the organization. According to Henneman.et.al (1995) Collaboration involves a partnership characterized by mutual goals and commitments in which participants willingly become involved in planning and decision making. Henneman.et.al (1995) also proposed that collaboration is a process by which members of various disciplines (or agencies) share their expertise. Accomplishing this requires these individuals understand and appreciate what it is that they contribute to the whole. Many authors have suggested ways to make the intercollaboration more effective. According to Fullan (1993), effective collaborations operate in the world of ideas, examining existing practices critically, seeking better alternatives and working hard together at bringing about improvements and assessing their worth.   The National Network for Collaboration (NNC) put forward a frame work for effective collaboration and advocated that it should possess a common vision, problem, a desired outcome etc. NNC also pointed out that the members of the collaboration must share this vision and contribute equally. The NNC sees collaboration as an inclusionary process which should be constantly engaged and must strengthen the commitment and must identify that relationship building and maintaining is the key factor for the success of collaborations and they must try to sustain a win-win relationship. According to Garner (1995) and Hoeman (1996), it should be by means of collaborative communicatio n rather than shared communication that the interprofessional team approach evolves. Efforts were made from the part of many authors for increasing the literature on interprofessional education for health professional students. But Cooper, Carlisle, Gibbs, and Watkins (2001) pointed out this literature to be diverse including a relatively small amount of research data and much larger amounts of evaluation literature. There were almost thirty works done on interprofessional education and all of them aimed to increase the level of co-operation and understanding between the members in interprofessional teams as well as to encourage a high quality care for the patients. There are a number of social science theories that explain the concept of interprofessional team work. Merton (1968) put forward theory in three modules. They are the micro, mid range and macro theories. The social sciences approaches that come under these three groups include: Micro: psychodynamic perspective by Bion, Menzies, Marris, social psychological perspective by Tejfel and Turner, Brown Interactionism by Goffman and strauss All the above approaches that come under the micro group are of the rational type that consolidates the team functions, identities and interactions. Midrange : Activity theory by Engestrom Institutional influence by DiMaggio and Powell Professionalization by Freidson These three approaches or theories are processual, organizational and contextual. Their task is to understand team activities, relation and performance, the relations between professions respectively. Macro: Discourse theory and surveillance theory by Foucault They are of the contextual type that deals with the impact of society and social interaction of with respect to the interprofessional team work. There are a set of models supporter by theories that help provide the inter professional education well in the health care sector that enables the health care professionals perform well and deliver quality service. These models are whilst behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism (Schunk D 2003). I will working for the betterment of the service provided to a patient using the things I learned. Working in an interprofessional team is has made me get involved with the Doctors and other professional in the field and has helped to build a strategy that elevates the level of service rendering process. As a nurse am able to act in the right way a right direction in case of any emergency and otherwise. From now I will be able to put into practise the concept I learned. The model that I would use is the Kolbs model of reflection. It is a process whereby, individuals, teams and organizations attend to and understanding their experiences and consequently modify their behaviour. The model mainly has 4 important aspects: Experiencing means really doing the task and experiencing the whole process. Reflecting- in this step the work is reviewed in terms of experience and the real process. Conceptualisation- here the various important occurrences and tasks are analysed and their connections among the events are noted. Planning- the events that have been understood will be analysed well in order to envisage the occurrences in future. This will help to prevent any improper events happening and build a proper strategy to do the next task. The Kolbs reflection model if one of the best models for teams. In case of a team there are aspects like: Doing- same as experience, where the team does the task or the action. Reflection- after the action, the team members openly discuss the whole process and share their views and experience. Interpretation- the members of the team now work with common identity and culture and as a team by leaning behind individual interests. Planning- in the final step team works according to the joint decisions and plan out ways to committing the action. Finally I would say that in any sector especially the health care there is an elementary requirement of having an inter professional team. The team in all ways will help in providing superior service since the decisions are taken as a team and under common grounds.

Customer Based Brand Equity

Customer Based Brand Equity If all Coca Colas assets were destroyed overnight , whoever owned the Coca Cola name would walk into a bank the next morning and get a loan to rebuild everything. VP Corporate Communications, Coca Cola Abstract: The Purpose of this paper is to highlight the major contributions in the process of developing and measuring customer based brand equity (CBBE) models by looking into the contributions of different researchers in this field. From the outset this paper, then, becomes a comparison of different CBBE models. Starting from Aaker (1991) to Keller (2003), it compares four CBBE models. This paper considers Agarwal and Raos (1996) model to be the best suited one for Pakistani environment because it integrates the customers decision making process with customer based brand equity. Introduction: This paper highlights major contributions in the process of understanding different customer based brand equity models. The focus on customer based brand equity is because of three reasons: 1. it allows the assessment of equity at the brand level; 2. researchers in marketing heavily use this concept; and 3. marketing practitioners find this concept of brand equity easier to understand than other brand equity concepts (Agarwal Rao, 1996). Literature Review: A traditional definition of a brand was: the name, associated with one or more items in the product line, which is used to identify the source of character of the item(s) (Kotler, 2000) (p.396). The American Marketing Association (AMA) definition of a brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (p. 404). Keller (2003) defines brand as technically speaking, whenever a marketer creates a new name, logo, or symbol for a new product, he or she has created a brand (Keller, 2003) (p. 3). Before the shift in focus towards brands and the brand building process, brands were just another step in the whole process of marketing to sell products. For a long time, the brand has been treated in an off-hand fashion as a part of the product (Urde, 1999) (p. 119). Kotler (2000) mentions branding as a major issue in product strategy (p. 404). Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) mention that within the traditional branding model the goal was to build brand image; a tactical element that drives short-term results (Aaker Joachimsthaler, 2000). Kapferer (1997) mentioned that the brand is a sign -therefore external- whose function is to disclose the hidden qualities of the product which are inaccessible to contact (Kapferer, 1997) (p. 28). The brand served to identify a product and to distinguish it from the competition. The challenge today is to create a strong and distinctive image (Kohli Thakor, 1997) (p. 208). Concerning the brand management process as related to the function of a brand as an identifier, Aaker and Joachmisthaler (2000) discuss the traditional branding model where a brand management team was responsible for creating and coordinating the brands management program. In this situation, the brand manager was not high in the companys hierarchy; his focus was the short-term financial results of single brands and single products in single markets. The basic objective was the coordination with the manufacturing and sales departments in order to solve any problem concerning sales and market share. With this strategy the responsibility of the brand was solely the concern of the marketing department (Davis Aaker, 2000). In general, most companies thought that focusing on the latest and greatest advertising campaign meant focusing on the brand (Davis Dunn, 2002). The model itself was tactical and reactive rather than strategic and visionary (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000). The brand w as always referred to as a series of tactics and never like strategy (Davis and Dunn 2002). Kapferer (1997) mentions that before the 1980s there was a different approach towards brands. Companies wished to buy a producer of chocolate or pasta: after 1980, they wanted to buy KitKat or Buitoni. This distinction is very important; in the first case firms wish to buy production capacity and in the second they want to buy a place in the mind of the consumer (p. 23). In other words, the shift in focus towards brands began when it was understood that they were something more than mere identifiers. Brands, according to Kapferer (1997) serve eight functions shown in Table 1 below: the first two are mechanical and concern the essence of the brand: to function as a recognized symbol in order to facilitate choice and to gain time (p. 29); the next three are for reducing the perceived risk; and the final three concern the pleasure side of a brand. He adds that brands perform an economic function in the mind of the consumer, the value of the brand comes from its ability to gain an exclus ive, positive and prominent meaning in the minds of a large number of consumers (p. 25). Therefore branding and brand building should focus on developing brand value. Table 1 The Functions of the Brand for the Consumer Function Consumer Benefit Identification To be clearly seen, to make sense of the offer, to quickly identify the sought-after products. Practicality To allow savings of time and energy through identical repurchasing and loyalty. Guarantee To be sure of finding the same quality no matter where or when you buy the product or service. Optimization To be sure of buying the best product in its category, the best performer for a particular purpose. Characterization To have confirmation of your self-image or the image that you present to others. Continuity Satisfaction brought about through familiarity and intimacy with the brand that you have been consuming for years. Hedonistic Satisfaction linked to the attractiveness of the brand, to its logo, to its communication. Ethical Satisfaction linked to the responsible behavior of the brand in its relationship towards society. Adapted from Kapferer (1997) Kapferers view of brand value is monetary, and includes intangible assets. Brands fail to achieve their value-creating potential where managers pursue strategies that are not orientated to maximizing the shareholder value (Doyle, 2001) (p. 267). Four factors combine in the mind of the consumer to determine the perceived value of the brand: brand awareness; the level of perceived quality compared to competitors; the level of confidence, of significance, of empathy, of liking; and the richness and attractiveness of the images conjured up by the brand. In Figure 1 the relationships between the different concepts of brand analysis, according to Kapferer (1997), are summarized. Figure 1 From Brand Assets to Brand Equity Brand Awareness + Image + Perceived Quality + Evocations + Familiarity, liking Brand Assets Brand added value perceived by customers Costs of branding Costs of invested capital Brand financial value (BRAND EQUITY) Kapferer (1997), P 37 Brand Equity Many researchers, while discussing brand building models, have referred to brand equity. Urde (1999) in his model of brand orientation, Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) in their model of brand leadership, Davis (2002) in his model of brand asset management, de Chernatony in his model of corporate branding (De Chernatony, 1999), and Kapferer (1997) have discussed brand equity in their respective models of brand building. But what exactly is brand equity? Brand equity, as first defined by Farquhar , is the added value with which a given brand endows a product (Farquhar, 1989) (p.24). Apart from Farquhars first definition of brand equity, other definitions have appeared. According to Lassar, Mittal, and Sharma (1995), brand equity has been examined from a financial perspective (Farquhar, Han, Ijiri, 1991), (Simon Sullivan, 1993), Kapferer 1997, Doyle 2001), and a customer-based perspective ((Keller 1993; (Shocker, Srivastava, Ruekert, 1994); and (Chen, 2001)) (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). In other words, financial meaning from the perspective of the value of the brand to the firm, and customer-based meaning the value of the brand for the customer which comes from a marketing decision-making context (Kim, Kim, An, 2003). Brand equity has also been defined as the enhancement in the perceived utility and desirability a brand name confers on a product (Lassar, Mittal and Sharma 1995, p.13). High brand equity is considered to be a competitive advantage since: it implies that firms can charge a premium; there is an increase in customer demand; extending a brand becomes easier; communication campaigns are more effective; there is better trade leverage; margins can be greater; and the company becomes less vulnerable to competition (Bendixen, Bukasa, Abratt, 2004). In other words, high brand equity generates a differential effect, higher brand knowledge, and a larger consumer response (Keller 2003), which normally leads to better brand performance, both from a financial and a customer perspective. Financial value-based techniques extract the brand equity value from the value of the firms other assets (Kim, Kim, and An 2003). Simon and Sullivan (1993) define brand equity as the incremental cash flows which accrue to branded products over and above the cash flows which would result from the sale of unbranded products (p. 29). These authors estimate a firms brand equity by deriving financial market estimates from brand-related profits. Taking the financial market value of a firm as a base, they extract the firms brand equity from the value of the firms other tangible and intangible assets, which results in an estimate based on the firms future cash flows. Along the same line of thought, Doyle (2001) argues that brand equity is reflected by the ability of brands to create value by accelerating growth and enhancing prices. In other words, brands function as an important driver of cash flow. Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE): Aaker (1991) provided conceptual scheme which link brand equity with various customer response variables. He suggested using repurchase rates, switching costs, level of satisfaction, preference for brand, and perceived quality on various product and service dimensions as potential measures of CBBE (Aaker, 1991). Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000) define brand equity as brand assets linked to a brands name and symbol that add to, or subtract from, a product or service. According to them, these assets, shown in Figure 2, can be grouped into four dimensions: brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and brand loyalty. Figure 2 Aakers Model of Customer Based Brand Equity Brand Equity Brand Awareness Perceived Quality Brand Associations Brand Loyalty These dimensions have been commonly used and accepted by many researchers (Keller 1993; (Motameni Shahrokhi, 1998); (Yoo Donthu, 2001); Bendixen, Bukasa, and Abratt 2004; Kim, Kim, and An 2003). Brand awareness affects perceptions and taste: people like the familiar and are prepared to ascribe all sorts of good attitudes to items that are familiar to them (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2000, p. 17). Perceived quality influences brand associations and affects brand profitability. Brand associations are anything that connects the consumer to the brand, including user imagery, product attributes, organizational associations, brand personality, and symbols (p. 17). Brand loyalty is at the heart of brands value. The concept is to strengthen the size and intensity of each loyalty segment (p. 17). The simplest way in which the brand equity can be considered is that it can be understood as the incremental value a brand name grants a product (Srivastava Shocker, 1991). According to Lassar, Mittal and Sharma (1995), brand equity can be configured against five dimensions: 1) performance, 2) value, 3) social image, 4) trustworthiness, and 5) attachment. They agree to the views of Srivastava and Shocker (1991) who believe that customers evaluate brand equity on the basis of two components; 1) brand strength and 2) brand value. Since they believe that the source of brand equity is customer perceptions, as described by Keller (1993), it is important for the managers to be able to measure and track it at the customer level (Keller, 1993). Figure 3 below explains the model. Figure 3 Lassars Model of Customer Based Brand Equity Brand Equity Performance Social Image Value Trustworthiness Attachment Keller (2003) introduced the Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) model, which approaches brand equity form the perspective of the consumer -whether an individual or an organization (Keller 2003, p. 59). The model is based on the premise that the power of a brand lies in what customers have learned, felt, seen and heard about the brand as a result of their experiences over time (p. 59). He defines CBBE as the differential effect that brand knowledge has on consumer response to the marketing of that brand (p. 60), which emerges from two sources: brand awareness and brand image. According to Keller (2003), brand awareness consists of brand recognition -the consumers ability to confirm prior exposure to the brand when given a brand as a cue (p. 67)- and brand recall -the consumers ability to retrieve the brand form memory when given the product category, the needs fulfilled by the category, or a purchase or usage situation as cue (p. 67). On the other hand, brand image is created by marketing programs that link strong, favorable, and unique associations to the brand in the memory (p. 70). These associations are not only controlled by the marketing program, but also through direct experience, brand information, word of mouth, assumptions of the brand itself -name, logo-, or with the brands identification with a certain company, country, distribution channel, person, place or event. The way to build a strong brand, according to the CBBE model, is by following four sequential steps, each one representing a fundamental question that customers ask about brands: 1. Ensuring the identification of the brand with a specific product category or need in the customers mind -who are you? 2. Establishing the meaning of the brand in the customers mind by strategically linking tangible and intangible brand associations with certain properties -what are you? 3. Eliciting customer responses to the brand identification and meaning -what about you? 4. Converting the response into an active, intense and loyal relationship between the customers and the brand -what about you and me? The CBBE model is built by sequentially establishing six brand building blocks with customers (Keller 2003 p. 75), that can be assembled as a brand pyramid, shown in Figure 4. Brand salience relates to the awareness of the brand. Brand performance relates to the satisfaction of customers functional needs. Brand imagery relates to the satisfaction of customers psychological needs. Brand judgments focus on customers opinions based on performance and imagery. Brand feelings are the customers emotional responses and reactions to the brand. Brand resonance is the relationship and level of identification of the customer with a brand. Figure 4 Kellers Model for CBBE Resonance Feelings Judgments Imagery Performance Salience Identity Who are you? Meaning What are you? Response What about you? Relationships What about you and me? Another model of customer based brand equity was presented by Agarwal and Rao (1996), who linked various components of CBBE to examine their convergent validity. To measure CBBE, they used a framework based on the perception-preference-choice paradigm and the hierarchy of effects model of McGuire (McGuire, 1972). This framework measures the stages through which a consumer passes before making a purchase decision (Agarwal Rao, 1996). The hierarchy model for CBBE is shown in figure 5 below. Figure 5 Agarwal and Raos Model for CBBE Awareness Actual Choice Perceptions and Attitudes Preferences Choice Intentions Unaided Recall Familiarity Value of Money Quality of Brand Name Explicit Preference Implicit Preference Likelihood of Buying Past Purchases Current Purchases Customer Based Brand Equity The model suggests appropriate indirect brand equity measures as conceptualized by Aaker (1991) and Keller (1993). These measures can be considered as the sources that can lead toward creation of brand equity. Conclusion: After discussing above four models to measure customer based brand equity (Aaker 1991; Lassar et al 1995; Agarwal and Rao, 1996; Keller, 2003) it is concluded that the model presented by Agarwal and Rao (1996) seems to be more appropriate to fit Pakistani environment. In addition to measuring CBBE, It seems to incorporate recent theoretical advances and managerial in understanding and influencing consumers decision making process. They have also provided a validated instrument (with Cronbachs Alpha above 0.85) to support their model of customer based brand equity.

The Absurdity of Consumeristic Truth :: Essays Papers

The Absurdity of Consumeristic Truth Imagine a world devoid of a God, where tangible objects and experiences such as clothing and movie watching have come to define and fulfill an entire society. Imagine a culture lacking any philosophical truth, where each individual is running wildly about in their isolated schedules, gleaning comfort and love from any inanimate object that can provide such, in whatever shape or form. Imagine a world where imperfect humans turn to themselves in the search for perfection, and the ultimate source of perfection is blatantly denied for the simple reason that it is too perfect to be understood. Such is the world according to Camus, such is the world that surrounds those that believe in a perfect God, and such is the American world in which you and I live. If one were to understand the purpose and mystery of human life as the coping with ultimate fear, whether it be death, pain, or meaninglessness, then it is possible to discuss the drastically different coping mechanisms that Camus and Christianity set forth. Both present a method in which to approach the phenomenon of fear, yet when it comes to actualizing a solution to the mystery, they turn to very different ends. The result is a society that has been left all the more confused, and has turned to both solutions in order to deal with the overwhelming fear and fundamental lack of truth that is prevalent in today’s post-modernistic philosophy. Of the many themes and philosophies that Camus struggled with during his life and presented to the world through his writings, one of the more prevalent was that of the absurd. According to Camus, the world, human existence, and a God are all absurd phenomenons, devoid of any redeeming meaning or purpose. Through Mersaults’ epiphany in The Stranger, where he opens himself to the â€Å"gentle indifference of the world†, we see how Camus understands the world to be a place of nothingness, which demands and desires nothing from humans. He further explores this philosophy in The Plague, where the world of indifference is understood as a world of fear, which takes a symbolically tangible form in the plague itself. In The Plague the citizens of Oran fear that which they cannot control, understand or fight. They are faced with the most fundamental experiences of life and death, and it is only in the end that a very few find a way to cope with and understand these two ultimatum s.

Causes of the American Revolution :: Essays on American Revolution

During the late seventeen hundreds, many tumultuous events resulted in Colonial opposition to Great Britain. The conditions of rights of the colonists will slowly be changed as the constriction of the parliament becomes more and more intolerable. During the Seven Years' War England was not only alarmed by the colonists' insistence on trading with the enemy, but also with Boston merchants hiring James Otis in order to protest the legality of the writs of assistance (general search warrants) used to hunt out smuggled goods. "let the parliament lay what burthens they please on us, we must, it is our duty to submit and patiently bear them, till they will be pleased to relieve us....". This is a very strong dictum, that in 1764, the colonists were of a submissive nature, and were weakly pleading for self-autonomy. This small fire of anger will become a huge conflagration as the rights are slowly rescinded. On October 19, 1765 the Stamp Act Congress and Parliamentary Taxation committee's passed some laws that attempted to strengthen the grip of the English crown. "I.That his Majesty's subjects in these colonies, owe the same allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain that is owing from his subjects born within the realm, and all due subordination to that august body, the Parliament of Great Britain." This statement can be used as a summation of the entire document that the Stamp Act Congress had initiated. The statement depicts the colonists has having to be submissive and servile in the view of Great Britain, this policy angered the colonists very much, and was another component of the transition of the colonists' rights and liberties. When the Declatory Act was passed in March of 1766, many colonies were attempting to claim that they were "seceding" from England. "Whereas several of the houses of representatives in his Majesty's colonies and plantations in America, have of late, against law, or to the general assemblies of the same, the sole and exclusive right of imposing duties and taxes upon his Majesty's subjects in the said colonies....be it declared ...., that the said colonies and plantations in America, have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial Crown and Parliament of Great Britain;". The Parliament of course denounced the attempt at independance and still dogmatilcally passed the following law to show that the colonists were still british subjects. Again, the colonists were infuriated and later will resist the british imperialism on the colonies. "All before, are calculated to regulate trade, and preserve prpromote a mutually beneficial intercourse between the several constituent parts of the

Mobile Phone and Gadgets Essay

Introduction Background of the Study Academics across the pond are warning of a growing and increasingly serious trend for folks to get addicted to gadgets such as a Blackberry or iPhone. In this case, the definition of â€Å"addiction† seems to have a lower threshold for damaging one’s life than other, more popular roads to ruination. Signs of gadget holism, according to Professor Nada Kakabadse of Northampton University, include waking up at night to check your messages, neglecting friends and family to tinker with a device and anxiety when one is separated from the item of besottment. Says the professor: We are creatures of habit and we can get addicted to quite unusual things. Feel free to explain now how you can give up your chosen telecomm thingies any time you want. The Modernization of our technology was good because it can help us a lot to make our work easy in our daily lives. But too much use of it are not good that is why it goes bad because some of us are use this in a wrong way. And because of this we possibly to be harm. The modern world of technology creates a several attractive gadgets that convince us to use. That is why some of the user turns to be addicted into those gadgets such as cell phone, computer or laptop, tablet, psp, and others. There so many people using those gadgets like adults and also young person. But almost between ten years old to twenty years old are addicted to those gadgets. The estimated number of users in 100% is 50% of that is young user. And worst out of 10 users 6 of them are obsessed. The obesity among gadgets, obesity among children, teens, and adults is growing at a rapid rate globally. Obesity is alarmingly high among individuals that are addicted to gadgets or gizmos. Individuals that are addicted to social networks are seldom unaware about their intake of snacks and sodas. Lack of physical activity is the reason why a number of children from different parts of the world are obese. When was the last time you’ve seen your child run or play outdoor games? In today is times a child’s new playground is his/her room. Children and young adults spend most of their time with smart phones, tablets, gaming consoles or laptops, or are found glued to the TV. Chatting on line with friends and playing games are considered children’s favorite activities. But there are positive and negative effects especially on learning and work as well. According to technology experts gadgets have side effects on users. Users can have eye complications due to blue light and can also become ill due to radiation. Good Effects With this new technology we encounter our loved ones in any corner of the world. Video games can help children practice following directions and problem solving, and refine motor and spatial skills. It helps to broaden the student’s knowledge through research using the technology can be used in research. Listening to music can help youth when performing boring and repetitive tasks. Bad effects Among the youth are restlessness and irritability when not playing on the computer or when they not handling their gadgets. Most of them are giving more time on the computer or video games over family, friends or social activities. It can cause social isolation, aggressive behaviour, violence, confusing reality and fantasy, and poor grades. It can also cause financial trouble Objective It did more research to extend our knowledge on new technologies. And to reduce considerably the youth obsessed with the use of the gadget. Aside from reducing gadget addiction it will also reduce the use of electricity. And to more correctly we use our technology because it is important that our actions to facilitate daily. As well as the communication in our relationship. Instead of playing with our gadgets we can make a healthy lifestyle by doing recreational activities. Help your child find some activity that he likes and a place where he can do it. Scope and Limitation Significance of the Study They conquered all types and categories of people: men, women, children, high society or mid level, educated or not. Our mobile phone alarm is waking us in the morning, our iPod makes traffic wasted time easier, our laptop and wireless mouse are waiting us at the office. Those are already necessities and not long time ago they were gadgets. The industry is growing and manufacturers spend huge time and money to create new, wonderful, amazing products and features that charm us. The consumerism is no longer targeted to branded clothes and fancy shoes, average people can afford them and actually they don’t satisfy our need of new, innovation, progress and glitter as fast as gadgets do. So should we resist temptation? I say no (it might be expensive but doesn’t affect your health and for sure no government in the world will prohibit it). More than 60% of eleven to eighteen year olds surveyed by Cranfield said they were â€Å"very† or â€Å"quite† addicted to the internet, and over 50% were addicted to their mobile phones. Students spend, on average, one to two hours a day on social network sites, the research revealed. 39.3% said that texting damaged the quality of their written English, particularly in terms of spelling. â€Å"Shockingly, a high proportion of teenagers (59.2%) admitted to inserting information straight from the internet into schoolwork, without actually reading or changing it. Almost a third (28.5%) deemed this as acceptable practice despite recognizing that such behavior is considered plagiarism,† said Andrew Kakabadse, professor of international management development at Cranfield. â€Å"Our research shows that technology obsession hinders spelling skills, implicitly encourages plagiarism, and disrupts classroom learning. Despite school policies restricting mobile phone usage, students use the phone frequently, with the majority making calls from the toilets. The mobile phone continues to be a prime channel of social communication during the school day.† The survey found that youngsters start to access the internet between the ages of five and ten, get a mobile phone between the ages of eight and ten, and start accessing social networks between the ages of eleven and thirteen. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTS, STUDIES AND SYSTEM An addiction starts as a habit and gradually becomes an integral part of our lives. All gadgets are only our luxury but it is useful, resourceful and helpful. So we are convinced to buy and use this gadget although we all know the ill effects of all this gadget, yet many a time the withdrawal symptoms are so severe that we choose to continue the habit rather than giving it up. We still were using it in a wrong way. Misuse of Gadget What are the warning signs of a gadget addict? John O’Neill, director of addictions services for the Menninger Clinic, identifies these five: 1. You had rather text than talk face-to-face. 2. You cannot leave home without it. You cannot relax without constantly checking for email or messages; a cell phone ear piece becomes a permanent part of your wardrobe. 3. Your family or friends ask you to stop, but you cannot. The Internet becomes a more powerful draw than spending time with family or friends or other favorite activities. 4. You miss important life moments. 5. You cannot stop even after it gets you in trouble, like being in a car accident while talking on the cell phone. â€Å"All these gadgets, the phone and the computer, they expose the inside of your brain in a way that’s bad† by Michel Gondry. Advancement in technology and communication has resulted in numerous gadgets. Every second a new gadget is being introduced in the consumer market. People have come to a point where they cannot live without these gadgets. As a result, gadget addiction has become a serious problem in the world especially among the youth.